"Network" es una gran película, dirigida por Sidney Lumet, por ella obtuvieron Globos de Oro y 4 Premios Oscar, entre ellos Peter Finch, que la protagoniza.
La trama trata en principio de un periodista que anuncia que se suicidará en vivo y en directo, en uno de sus programas por venir. Y sin nada que perder se decide a decir todo lo que piensa.
Aquí dejo dos extractos, que hablan con mucha fuerza sobre lo "importantísimo" que es que logremos diferenciar la realidad que nos quieren imponer algunos intereses y la que se acerca más a la verdad. Y que hablan de lo importante que somos, lo importante que son nuestras propias vidas y que queramos las cosas para mejor.
Cuando alguien es capaz de tener visiones tan claras y perturbadoras de la realidad suele decirse que son pretensiones, ficciones o locuras, cuando estas visiones se hacen realidad se les llama visionarios.
Regreso de Mexskalitos Web
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Buenas Noches
Despues de no actualizar esta pagina por casi 4 meses estamos de nuevo informando los aconteceres del mundo que solo algunos se atreven a sacar a la luz.
Le doy gracias al bastardo Carlos Slim, por terner una seguridad asquerosamente nula en sus modems inalambricos y proveerme de internet gratis.
Asi que continuamos en la lucha
El desastre de BP en el Golfo podría provocar una catástrofe de proporciones bíblicas
Informes siniestros de que el desastre que tiene lugar en el Golfo de México podría estar a punto de alcanzar proporciones bíblicas se filtran a pesar del bloqueo informativo sobre la operación de BP.
Hace 251 millones de años una gigantesca burbuja submarina de metano causó explosiones masivas, contaminó la atmósfera y destruyó más de un 96% de toda la vida en la Tierra. Los expertos están de acuerdo en que la Extinción masiva del Pérmico-Triásico (PT) fue el mayor evento de extinción masiva en la historia del mundo.
55 millones de años después se rompió otra burbuja de metano causando más extinciones masivas durante el Máximo Térmico del Paleoceno Superior (LPTM, por sus siglas en inglés). El LPTM duró 100.000 años.
Esos mares subterráneos de metano prácticamente cambiaron la forma del planeta al reventar de manera explosiva desde la profundidad bajo las aguas de lo que hoy se llama Golfo de México.
Ahora, los científicos alarmados están preocupados de que la misma serie de eventos catastróficos que entonces condujeron a la muerte en todo el mundo puedan estar ocurriendo nuevamente –y que ninguna tecnología conocida pueda detenerla.
Lo esencial es que la operación de perforación de la Deepwater Horizon de BP puede haber provocado un apocalipsis geológico gradual irreversible que culmine con la primera extinción masiva de vida en la Tierra en muchos millones de años.
El gigante petrolero perforó a kilómetros de profundidad en una región geológicamente inestable y puede haber creado el marco para una liberación prematura de una megaburbuja de metano.
Las señales de advertencia de una inminente catástrofe planetaria –de tal magnitud que la mente humana tiene problemas para llegar a comprenderla– sería la aparición de grandes grietas o fallas que dividen el lecho marino, una elevación del fondo del mar, y la masiva descarga de metano y otros gases al agua circundante.
Zona cero: la costa del Golfo
La gente y la propiedad ubicadas en la mayor región de la Costa del Golfo se encuentran en la Zona Cero. Serán las primeras expuestas a los gases químicos tóxicos, que causan cáncer. Serán las que sufran inicialmente la furia total de una burbuja de metano que estalla desde el lecho marino roto.
Día del Juicio Final
Algunos dirán que no puede suceder porque la mayor parte del metano está congelada en forma cristalina, otros señalan que el mar de metano subterráneo se está derritiendo gradualmente debido al petróleo emergente que se calcula puede llegar a 260 grados centígrados.
La mayoría de los expertos informados, sin embargo, están de acuerdo en que si ocurre el evento que cambiará el mundo, lo hará repentinamente y dentro de los próximos 6 meses.
De modo que si los eventos van en contra de la humanidad y la burbuja estalla en los próximos meses, Gregory Ryskin se convertirá en una de las personas más famosas del mundo. Por cierto, no le quedará mucho tiempo para gozar de su recién ganada fama porque la civilización se derrumbará poco después de la erupción de metano.
Puede que la humanidad tenga mucha, mucha suerte y que alguien encuentre una manera de evitar la extinción masiva que ocurra y así conserve a la raza humana.
Tal vez.
Terrence Aym
Global Research/Helium
Dios Nos Proteja...
Hace 251 millones de años una gigantesca burbuja submarina de metano causó explosiones masivas, contaminó la atmósfera y destruyó más de un 96% de toda la vida en la Tierra. Los expertos están de acuerdo en que la Extinción masiva del Pérmico-Triásico (PT) fue el mayor evento de extinción masiva en la historia del mundo.
55 millones de años después se rompió otra burbuja de metano causando más extinciones masivas durante el Máximo Térmico del Paleoceno Superior (LPTM, por sus siglas en inglés). El LPTM duró 100.000 años.
Esos mares subterráneos de metano prácticamente cambiaron la forma del planeta al reventar de manera explosiva desde la profundidad bajo las aguas de lo que hoy se llama Golfo de México.
Ahora, los científicos alarmados están preocupados de que la misma serie de eventos catastróficos que entonces condujeron a la muerte en todo el mundo puedan estar ocurriendo nuevamente –y que ninguna tecnología conocida pueda detenerla.
Lo esencial es que la operación de perforación de la Deepwater Horizon de BP puede haber provocado un apocalipsis geológico gradual irreversible que culmine con la primera extinción masiva de vida en la Tierra en muchos millones de años.
El gigante petrolero perforó a kilómetros de profundidad en una región geológicamente inestable y puede haber creado el marco para una liberación prematura de una megaburbuja de metano.
Las señales de advertencia de una inminente catástrofe planetaria –de tal magnitud que la mente humana tiene problemas para llegar a comprenderla– sería la aparición de grandes grietas o fallas que dividen el lecho marino, una elevación del fondo del mar, y la masiva descarga de metano y otros gases al agua circundante.
Zona cero: la costa del Golfo
La gente y la propiedad ubicadas en la mayor región de la Costa del Golfo se encuentran en la Zona Cero. Serán las primeras expuestas a los gases químicos tóxicos, que causan cáncer. Serán las que sufran inicialmente la furia total de una burbuja de metano que estalla desde el lecho marino roto.
Día del Juicio Final
Algunos dirán que no puede suceder porque la mayor parte del metano está congelada en forma cristalina, otros señalan que el mar de metano subterráneo se está derritiendo gradualmente debido al petróleo emergente que se calcula puede llegar a 260 grados centígrados.
La mayoría de los expertos informados, sin embargo, están de acuerdo en que si ocurre el evento que cambiará el mundo, lo hará repentinamente y dentro de los próximos 6 meses.
De modo que si los eventos van en contra de la humanidad y la burbuja estalla en los próximos meses, Gregory Ryskin se convertirá en una de las personas más famosas del mundo. Por cierto, no le quedará mucho tiempo para gozar de su recién ganada fama porque la civilización se derrumbará poco después de la erupción de metano.
Puede que la humanidad tenga mucha, mucha suerte y que alguien encuentre una manera de evitar la extinción masiva que ocurra y así conserve a la raza humana.
Tal vez.
Terrence Aym
Global Research/Helium
Dios Nos Proteja...
La verdad sobre los alimentos
Buen reportaje de Alex Jones exponiendo como nos manipulan con los alimentos, enfermedades como el cancer, diabetes, esterilidad producida por los quimicos y alimentos transgenicos..
difundir entre tus seres queridos que aun no entienden como funciona la matrix
difundir entre tus seres queridos que aun no entienden como funciona la matrix
Falsas profecias del fin del mundo a lo largo de la historia
A continuación presentamos una lista donde se destacan las fechas del fin del mundo. Enumerarlas todas seria imposible.
Desde aquí empiezan las mentiras y falsas promesas. A menos que esas personas que oyeron a Jesús decirles esta promesa, estén aun vivos, la promesa fue falsa. Las Epístolas de Pablo confirman la falsa promesa al afirmar el retorno de Jesús antes de su propia muerte.
90 San Clemente predijo que el mundo terminaría en este año.
500 Un sacerdote romano y teólogo predijo que la Segunda Venida sería en AD 500, basado en las dimensiones del Arca de Noé.
1000 Este año es notorio por ser uno de los que más grupos se pusieron histéricos esperando el regreso de Cristo. Tal y como sucedió en el segundo milenio, hubo una gran histeria popular a la espera del Señor. Los cristianos de ese tiempo debieron saber muy bien que no sucedería porque estaba claramente establecido en la Biblia que muchas profecías tendrían que cumplirse, por el ejemplo el renacimiento del estado de Israel. Durante los últimos meses del 999 AD, todo el mundo comenzó a comportase bien, lo mejor que podían. La gente comenzó a vender sus propiedades y a dársela a los pobres, miles de peregrinos comenzaron a llegar a Jerusalén, las plantaciones fueron descuidadas, etc. El 1000 llegó y nada sucedió.
1033 Este año fue marcado porque se cumplió 1000 años de la crucifixión de Jesucristo.
1186 La "Carta de Toledo" advertía a la gente a esconderse en las cuevas y en las montañas. El mundo sería destruido y solamente uno pocos se salvarían.
1186(16 de septiembre): El poeta persa ANWARI, seleccionó esta fecha como el día final, después de unos estudios astrológicos que predecían para esa fecha el agrupamiento de cinco planetas en la constelación de Libra. No sucedió nada.
1420 Los Taborites de Checoslovaquia predijeron que cada ciudad sería aniquilada por fuego. Solamente cinco fortalezas en las montañas se salvarían.
En 1499, El famosos y respetado astrólogo alemán JOHANNES STOEFFER, profesor de la Universidad de TUBINGA, publicó 'Ephemerides', anunciando que el 20 de febrero de 1524 sería el fin del mundo por la reunión de los planetas en el signo de Piscis. Dada la ascendencia de este 'sabio' la gente se lo tomó en serio y los ricos comenzaron a construir arcas al estilo NOE. Los teólogos de aquella universidad también se apuntaron a la apocalíptica profecía y comenzaron a discutir sobre si los que tenían barcos estaban moralmente obligados a admitir a los que no los tenían. De hecho, las vísperas, 19 de febrero de aquel año, coincidió con una gran tormenta con una lluvia torrencial que provocó inundaciones. Cundió el pánico y la gente asaltó los barcos. Hubo naufragios y muertos por el exceso de pasaje, tras 24 horas de angustia, el 21 amaneció un esplendoroso día.
1524-1526 Muntzer, un líder de campesinos alemán anunció que el regreso de Cristo sucedería en el futuro cercano. La espera hasta trajo un enfrentamiento con las tropas del gobierno. Muntzer anunció que apararía las bolas de los cañones de las tropas del gobierno con las mangas de su camisa, según Dios le había prometido. Muntzer y sus seguidores fueron demolidos por los cañones de las autoridades.
1534 Esta vez Jan Matthys ocupó la ciudad de Munster. La ciudad supuestamente sería la única que sobreviviría la destrucción. Los habitantes de Munster, perseguidos por Matthys y sus hombres, se reagruparon y sitiaron la ciudad. Dentro de un año todos estaban muertos y Cristo no había venido.
1650-1660 Los hombres de la quinta monarquía sostenían que Cristo vendría e instalaría una Teocracia. Se armaron y trataron de ocupar Inglaterra por las armas. El movimiento falló y la monarquía fue restablecida en 1660.
1665 En plena epidemia que asolaba INGLATERRA, un tal SALOMON ECCLES, tal vez debido a la fiebre o su fanatismo religioso, tuvo la visión de un personaje que la anunciaba que aquella plaga era el principio del fin. SALOMON empezó como un poseso a anunciar la llegada final del Señor por la calles de Londres. El pobre desgraciado terminó en la cárcel al no cumplirse sus falsas profecías.
1666 Para los ciudadanos de Londres, el 1666 no fue un año de progreso. Una plaga bubónica se desató y mató 100,000 y el Gran Incendio de Londres sucedió el mismo año. Parecía que el mundo terminaría para los londinenses. Se anunció que el regreso de Cristo sucedería sin falla especialmente por la forma en la que el año terminó, 1966, el cual "representaba" el sello de la Bestia.
1736 El profesor de geografía astronómica de la Universidad de Cambridge, WILLIAM WHISTON, amigo de ISAAC NEWTON, anunció seriamente desde su cátedra que en la madrugada del 14 de febrero de ese año aparecería una cometa y, en tres días, este mundo ya no existirá debido al fuego, los terremotos y las matanzas. Esta increíble profecía tenía cierta credibilidad pues a la hora anunciada se dejó ver por primera vez la impresionante cola del Cometa HALLEY. Los bancos no abrieron sus puertas y hubo una paralización general en todo Londres. Sin embargo, las autoridades eclesiásticas en un rasgo de lucidez se negaron a abrir las puertas de la Catedral de Westminster para la 'plegaria final'. Finalmente, pasó todo sin mayor novedad y WHISTON simplemente se disculpó diciendo que había hecho mal los cálculos, aunque le costó la cátedra.
1757 Es considerado uno de los más grandes científicos de todos los tiempos y sus descubrimientos se convirtieron en las bases de la física, las matemáticas y la óptica modernas. Pero Isaac Newton también revela otras dimensiones en sus cartas en que predice, en 1704, que el mundo terminará dentro de apenas 53 años.
1809 Mary Bateman, una adivina especialista tubo una gallina que puso huevos con mensajes en el interior que anunciaban que Cristo regresaría. Se creó un caos increíble, que terminó cuando esta señora fue atrapada introduciéndole un huevo por el oviducto a una gallina. Más tarde fue colgada por envenenar a un cliente afluente.
1814 JOANNA SOUTHCOTT, una vidente que tenía miles de incondicionales seguidores, era una fanática lectora de la Biblia y estaba convencida que era la famosa esposa del cordero del Apocalipsis. Se asocio a un populista predicador, RICHARD BROTHERS, que se dedicaba a amedrentar a los ingleses de aquellas fechas con la inminente segunda venida de Cristo. JOANNA, a pesar de tener 64 años y de no haber tenido contacto con varón, anunció su embarazo de Cristo, que ahora se llamaría SHILO. Fue examinada por 21 médicos, de los que 17 afirmaron que efectivamente estaba encinta. Cuando naciera Shilo, a principios de 1814, sería el fin del mundo. Miles de sus seguidores se mantuvieron en perpetua vigilia delante de la casa de la vidente, algunos murieron de hambre y agotamiento, pero los meses pasaron y la interesada no parió, se trataba de una falsa preñez. Cuando se convenció de que todo era una falsa ilusión, murió de pena en cuestión de horas. Sin embargo, sus fanáticos seguidores pensaron que era una treta de Satán y exigieron aun cesárea para sacar a SHILO.
1836 John Wesley escribió que " un tiempo, y tiempos y la mitad de un tiempo" de Apocalipsis 12:14 eran los años 1058¬1836, "cuando Cristo regresaría" (apud A. M. Morris, The Prophecies Unveiled, pág. 361). A partir de esa fecha Satanás se activó sus ejércitos para colocación de fechas.
1843 (20 de marzo): WILLIAM MILLER, fundador de los adventistas, quienes como su propio nombre indica esperan el 'adviento' o segunda venida de Cristo acompañada de grandes cataclismos. Tras mucho leer la Biblia y de inspirarse, en 1832 llegó a la conclusión de que en 1843 el mundo se acabaría y un día tuvo la visión en la que le concretaron la fecha: el 20 de marzo de ese año. A medida que se acercaba la fecha, las calles de BOSTON se convirtieron en un manicomio: unos se emborrachaban, otros confesaban sus pecados y otros corrían de un lugar a otro esperando el gran fogonazo, mientras los más desesperados optaron por suicidarse. Llegó el indicado día y, una vez más, el sol asomó por el horizonte de forma tozuda. Evidentemente, MILLER alegó que había calculado mal y desapareció. Una mujer tomó las riendas de la nueva secta y, como ya había ocurrido anteriormente, no faltaron quienes la siguieran a pesar del fiasco.
1847 El judío converso JOSEPH WOLFF anunció para ese año la venida de Jesucristo sobre el Monte de los Olivos, en triunfal cabalgata hasta Jerusalén para presidir el Juicio Final. La noticia corrió por toda Europa y la acaudalada inglesa HESTER STANHOPE se fue a Palestina con dos hermosos caballos blancos para acompañar a Jesucristo en su triunfal entrada en Jerusalén. La famosa feminista HARRIER LIVERMORE anunció en la Cámara de Representantes de Washington la segunda venida de Cristo. Llegó la fecha y no apareció nadie por el Monte de los Olivos.
1859 El Reverendo Thomas Parker, un ministro de Massachusetts, predijo que el Milenio comenzaría aproximadamente en 1859.
1874 CHARLES T. RUSSELL, fundador de los Testigos de Jehová, señaló esta fecha para el fin. Como no pasó nada, señaló 1914 como la llegada del Fin del Mundo. Como tampoco llegó, RUSSELL indicó que sus palabras se habían interpretado mal y que la fecha del comienzo del 'milenio' del reino de Jesucristo será el año 2914, pero me temo que ninguno de nosotros seremos testigos de que de nuevo no pasará nada.
1881 La vidente MOTHER SHELTON predijo en 1481 el Fin del Mundo para ese año con una cuarteta al estilo NOSTRADAMUS. Pasó el año sin mayor novedad.
1881 Alguien llamada Madre Shipton 400 alegó que el mundo terminaría en ese año. Por supuesto, nada sucedió.
1910 La más reciente visita del Cometa Haley a nuestro sistema indicó para muchos las señales en el cielo que eran suficientes para indicar que estábamos en los tiempos del fin. Se anunció la Segunda Venida para los días cuando se pudiera ver el cometa desde la tierra. La tierra hasta pasó por la cola gaseosa y si se hubiese tenido la tecnología de hoy, la gente hubiese pensado que hasta podría haber habido un encuentro entre la tierra y el cometa. Hubo un negociante que apareció con unas píldoras del cometa para evitar los efectos "tóxicos" del cometa en nuestra atmósfera
1914 Charles Russell, después de haber sido ridiculizado por el apoyo de las profecías del fundador de los Adventistas del 7mo Día fundó su propia organización, la que se convertiría en el culto de los
1918 Charles Russell se dio cuenta que el problema del 1914 había sido un problema matemático y calculó que el Regreso sería en 1918. ¡Uy! Otro error de cálculo.
1919 (17 de diciembre): ALBERTO PORTA, profeta italiano que predijo el cataclismo final en una conjunción peligrosa de los planetas en esa fecha. 16 mil negros de Carolina se reunieron en vigilia de oraciones para preparar la venida del Señor. Los mineros de Oklahoma no quisieron trabajar y en muchos sitios cundió el pánico. El 18 de diciembre fue un esplendoroso día y el falso profeta fue conocido a partir de ese día como 'il profesore periculosísimo'.
1925 Los Testigos de Jehová volvieron a equivocarse en 1925. En ese momento se ganaron el premio de los Testigos Falsos. 3 predicciones y ninguna sucedieron. Sin embargo, la gente continuaba haciendo caso a sus inortodoxas prédicas. ¡En el futuro se equivocarían varias veces más! Recuerden… Los cultos religiosos están basados en mentiras y engaño. Ser Falso Profeta no les avergüenza en lo absoluto. ¡Ellos están acostumbrados a eso!
1925(13 de febrero): La profetisa adventista MARGARET ROWAN indicó que el Arcángel Gabriel se le había aparecido y predicho para ese día el mundo se acabaría, salvándose sólo los 144.000 escogidos del Señor, tal como dice el Apocalipsis y la secta adventista cree a pie puntilla. En todos los Estados Unidos se desató una ola de terror entre los fanáticos. En Oakland un matrimonio se gastó todo lo que tenía para imprimir miles de carteles anunciando 'Falta poco para el fin'. El 12 de febrero en Pennsylvania una aterrada mujer se ahorcó; en San Diego, 30 adventistas después de repartir todos sus bienes, se vistieron de túnicas blancas y se subieron a un monte a esperar el fin; en Cleveland, seis muchachas junto a otros seis muchachos enloquecidos de pánico organizaron una tremenda orgía que escandalizó a la ciudad, al día siguiente, todos se suicidaron arrojándose a las heladas aguas de un río y , así, muchas más tragicómicas anécdotas.
1941 En plena Guerra Mundial no fue necesario algún profeta para enriquecer los bolsillos de los curas y predicadores que bien se aprovecharon de la coacción para asustar a sus feligreses y ayudarles con sus bienes.
1944 (agosto): El profesor chileno MUÑOZ FERRADAS anunció el fin del mundo por el choque de un cometa con nuestro satélite. Hubo huidas a cuevas, suicidios, asesinatos, borracheras...
1945 (21 de septiembre): El pastor protestante CHARLES LONG escribió una carta a todos los gobernantes del mundo anunciándoles la fatídica fecha que una visión le había señalado.
1954 Por partida doble. Aparecieron en el Coliseo unas grandes grietas que parecían anunciar para el 24 de mayo el inminente derrumbamiento de este monumento que, según profecía de la pitonisa SIBILA, marcaría el fin del mundo. Hubo gente pidiendo entrar en el Vaticano para esperar dicho fin y otros que prefirieron terminar sus días con tremendas juergas: En las vísperas Roma era un desfile de borrachos. La otra profecía la hizo el médico de la Universidad Estatal de Michigan CHARLES LAUGHEAD, anunció el mensaje de unos 'extraterrestres' que pronosticaban el fin del mundo para el 24 de diciembre de ese año. Puede decirse que fue el primer 'contactado' apocalíptico de la era moderna pues después ha habido cientos de imitadores.
1960 El doctor ELIA BIANCA anunció el fin del mundo debido a grandes inundaciones, según predicciones fatídicas de los 'buenos hermanos del espacio'. Optó subir con algunos de sus seguidores al Mont Blanc, el pico más alto de Europa, con diez grandes lanchas neumáticas por si las aguas llegaban hasta aquellas alturas.
1962 Con motivo de una nueva conjunción de varios planetas se anunció en la India que aquello podría significar el fin del mundo: millones de hindúes abandonaron el trabajo y se unieron enormes multitudes de orantes. En Inglaterra, mil seguidores de una secta se subieron al monte OLD MAN y en Estados Unidos muchas personas huyeron al desierto.
1967 Cuando la Ciudad de Jerusalén fue reclamada por los Judíos en 1967, muchos "profetas" anunciaron que la "Época de los Gentiles" había llegado a su fin y que el Regreso de Cristo sucedería en cuestión de meses.
1970 La Iglesia Luz Verdadera de Cristo se hizo famosa mundialmente por una predicción errónea del Retorno de Cristo en 1970. Muchos de sus miembros abandonaron todo lo que tenían a la espera de la llegada del Señor.
1973 Un cometa que resultó ser una desilusión visual motivó a muchos predicadores a anunciar el Retorno del Señor. Nada sucedió.
1975 Los Testigos de Jehová volvieron a la carga en 1975. Predijeron el Regreso en 1975 otra vez y otra vez se equivocaron. Esto no afectó en lo absoluto el deseo de convertirse en Testigos de Jehová de mucha gente. Su calidad de miembro continuó creciendo. En el momento tienen más de 13 millones de suscritos a su revista la Atalaya.
1977 En Texas aparecieron unas abejas asesinas y esto fue aprovechado por algunos para diagnosticar el fin, usando Apocalipsis 9:3-12 como texto base.
1981 Un autor famoso predijo en 1981 que el Rapto de la Iglesia sucedería sin falta antes del 31 de diciembre de 1981, basándose en las profecías bíblicas, astronomía y un poco de fatalismo ecológico.
1982 El fin sería definitivamente en este año, cuando los planetas se alinearían y crearían una fuerza magnética que traería Armagedón a la tierra.
1984 Más recientemente, los Testigos declararon que dejarán el negocio de las predicciones, pero…¿Pierde el tigre sus rayas, aunque lo rasures? ¡Volverán a hacerlo! ¡Cuenten con ello!
1986 ANGELUCCI predice el cataclismo final.
En fechas recientes son miles los malos presagios que nos llegan fundamentalmente a través de los contactados por los extraterrestres, de los practicantes de la oui-ja, de los médiums y videntes, de los sintonizadores o practicantes de la canalización... La razón, el autor, prefiere callársela pero augura que sus efectos pueden ser devastadores como la historia se ha encargado de demostrarlo: mientras siga habiendo fanáticos e ingenuos que les crean, seguiremos teniendo falsos profetas que le amargarán la vida a muchos.
1987 La Convergencia Armónica planificó que el 16-17 de agosto de 1987, la Segunda Venida del dios Serpiente vendría. ¿Acaso usted no lo sabía? ¡Pues ya está aquí!
1988 El libro "88 Razones por las que el Rapto ocurrirá en 1988" fue lanzado a la venta meses antes del anticipado evento. Vendió miles y miles de copias. No importó lo limitado del tiempo que el autor tuvo para hacer publicidad a su libro. La histeria popular se encargó de hacerlo el más popular en días. Para Sept 11-13 iglesias enteras estaban a la espera de ser llevados al cielo en un "abrir y cerrar de ojos". Había gente que se medía las espaldas para saber cuán grandes serían las alas que el Señor les colocaría. El día llegó y no sucedió nada. ¡Qué vergüenza para el Evangelio de Cristo! Sorprendentemente la prensa no hizo el ridículo de los cristianos como se esperaba.
1989 Después de que transcurrieran las 88 razones por la que el Rapto ocurriría en 1988, el autor, Edgar Whisenaunt, tuvo salió con un nuevo libro llamado "89 Razones por las que el Rapto ocurrirá en 1989." Este último libro no venció ni una fracción de lo que vendió el primero.
1991 La organización llamada "La Nación del Islam", cuyo líder es Louis Farrakhan proclamó que la Guerra del Golfo Pérsico sería "la última guerra… Armagedón."
1991 Menachem Schneerson, un rabí judío nacido en Rusia dijo que el Mesías aparecería el 9 de septiembre de 1991, al inicio del calendario judío.
1993 Si el año 2000 es el fin del ciclo de 6000 años de la creación de la tierra, entonces el año 1993 es el año del rapto, de acuerdo con varios profetas. El año pasó y nada sucedió.
1994 Después de haber prometido NUNCA MÁS colocar fechas para la venida del Señor, los Testigos de Jehová no pudieron aguantar las ganas y volvieron a proclamar que el 1994 marcaba el fin de una generación de años, lo cual traería el fin del mundo. El ciclo habría comenzado en el año 1914.
1994 Harold Camping, famoso auspiciador de un programa diario de preguntas y respuestas en todo Estados Unidos, en su libro "¿Está usted listo?" predijo que el retorno del Señor ocurriría en septiembre de 1994. El libro estaba lleno de numerología, la cual añadida daba como resultado el 1994.
1997 Cuando Rabin y Arafat firmaron el tratado de paz en la Casa Blanca el 13 de septiembre de 1993, muchos vieron el evento como el inicio de la Gran Tribulación. Si añadíamos los 1260 de Daniel a septiembre de 1993, obtendríamos la fecha del 24 de febrero de 1997.
1998 Un grupo de Taiwán operando desde Garland, Texas, predijo que Cristo regresaría el 31 de marzo de 1998. El líder del grupo, Heng-ming Chen, anunció que Dios regresaría e invitaría a los miembros de su culto a abordar un OVNI.
1998 El 30 de abril de 1998, cuando Israel cumplió 50 años de fundado, según algunos la tribulación comenzaría.
1998 Marilyn Agee en su libro "El fin del mundo" anunció que sería el 31 de mayo de 1998. Esta fecha, según ella concluía los 6,000 años a partir de Adán. Ageee más luego cambió la fecha por el 7 de junio, 14, 21 y otras 10 fechas más.
1999 (4 de julio) las predicciones del clarividente del siglo XVI Nostradamus se niegan a morir, pese a que su pronóstico de una inmensa catástrofe, que sus acólitos tomaron por el fin, pasó sin incidentes.
1999 Según el psíquico Charles Criswell King el 18 de agosto de 1999 sucedería la Segunda Venida. ¿Usted la vio? ¡Así la vi yo!
1999 Phillip Berg, un rabí del Kabbalah Learning Center, en New York ha proclamado que el fin llegaría el 11 de septiembre de 1999. Esta predicción fue basada en datos encontrados en los Códigos de la Biblia. Obviamente el rabí no entendió que lo que sucedería fue la destrucción de las Torres Gemelas en NY en tal fecha.
2000 Según Windows, todos los computadores estallarían porque su calendario de Windows no contaba los años posteriores a 1999, por lo que se haría un reinicio general a la humanidad. El mundo se acabó en efecto a las 00:00 del 1 de enero del 2000.
2000 Numerología: Si usted divide 2000 entre 3, usted obtendrá el número 666.6666666666666. Este sistema increíble fue usado para predecir la ocurrencia del Rapto.
2000 (5 de mayo) todos los planetas se alinearon. De acuerdo con algunos profetas esto causaría terremotos, erupciones volcánicas, y otras cosas terribles. Nada sucedió.
2000 (5 de mayo) el estadounidense Richard Noone predijo que un desprendimiento de hielo desde el polo sur cubriría el planeta con trillones de toneladas de esta materia. Después de siete años, el hielo sólo parece estar derritiéndose.
2000 De acuerdo con Michael Rood, los tiempos del fin tienen una conexión profética complicada con la cosecha de cebada de primavera de Israel. De acuerdo con Rood "Día del Señor" comenzó el 5 de mayo del 2000. Según este profeta la invasión de Rusia (Gog-Magog) sucedería al anochecer del 28 de octubre del 2000.
2000-2001 El Dr. Dale SumburËru estaba concentrado en el 22 de marzo de 1997, cuando según él… "esta fecha sería cuando todos los eventos dramáticos que nos llevarían a la gran Tribulación y al retorno de Cristo comenzarían" Según sus cálculos el regreso entonces sería alrededor de julio del 2001.
2002 Los sacerdotes de una religión afro-caribeña, Yoruba, erradicados en Cuba predicen que una crisis dramática sucederá en todo el mundo, comenzando por golpes de estados, enfermedades e inundaciones. ¡Veremos lo que sucede!
2004 La fecha del regreso de Cristo del año 2004 está basada en artes llamados Salmología, numerología y la noción bíblica de que 360 días equivalen a un año, según el calendario judío. Para calcular dicha fecha usted necesita una regla, una calculadora y MUCHO papel.
2006 El 6 de Junio de este mismo año el mundo dejaria de existir por la coincidencia calendaria del (06/06/06).
2011: Segun calculos biblicos el fin del mundo seria el 21 de mayo de 2011
2011-2018 El Dr. Jack Van Impe tiene la idea general de que una generación dura alrededor de 51 años, según la Biblia y no 40 como muchos creen. Si agregamos 51 años a la fecha de la reconquista de Jerusalén por parte de los Israelíes, entonces la fecha alrededor de la cual la Segunda Venida podría ocurrir sería el 2018. Pero Impe nos recuerda que el Rapto ocurrirá al inicio de la Gran Tribulación, por el que el Rapto podría ocurrir alrededor del año 2011.
2012 (21 de diciembre) algunos creen que esta fecha “final” (13.0.0.0.0 en el calendario maya de Cuenta Larga) es un anuncio del fin. Otros, que contempla sólo el fin de un mundo y su reemplazo por otro. Sería una pena que ensombreciera los Juegos Olímpicos.
2033: Segun pio XXIII este seria el ultimo año al cumplirse "dosmilenios mas la edad del salvador", osea 2 mill años de la muerte de Jesus
2085 (11 de junio) algunos científicos calcularon que el cometa Catalina tiene una posibilidad en 300 mil de chocar con la Tierra. Tiene un kilómetro de diámetro.
3786 Nostradamus sigue mostrando un invencible don. Después que en 1999 no se produjo, nuevas lecturas de él afirman que se acabará en 3786. O en 3797.
3 mil millones de años: es para los optimistas. Algunos esperan que la galaxia de Andrómeda colisione con la Láctea, dando un piadoso fin a una humanidad que quiere ser rescatada del aburrimiento.
5 mil millones de años: Seguncientificos el Sol creceria tanto que se comeria a toda la galaxia y posteriormente explotaria
Videos El poder que mata la muerte
Bueno aqui les dejo estos videos que me encontre por una pagina de internter, me rompi el coco para poder sacarlos de la web donde se encontraba y subirlos a youtube asi que disfrutenlo.
Recomendado 100%
Cifras
Explicacion
Video Final
Recomendado 100%
Cifras
Explicacion
Video Final
Spartamo cambia de nombre aminosweet
¡¡¡ Y ahora está siendo comercializado como un edulcorante natural !!
En respuesta a la creciente conciencia sobre los peligros de los edulcorantes artificiales, ¿ qué hace el fabricante de uno de los edulcorantes artificiales más importantes en todo el mundo? Cambiarle el nombre y comenzar a comercializarlo como (edulcorante) natural. Esta es precisamente la estrategia de Ajinomoto, fabricante del aspartamo, que espera engañar a los ojos del público con su versión renombrada del aspartamo, llamado AminoSweet.
Por más de 25 años, el aspartamo se introdujo en el suministro de alimentos en Europa. Hoy en día, es un componente cotidiano en bebidas, dietética , el azúcar, postres y en las gomas de mascar en todos los países del mundo. Sin embargo, el público en general está despertando sobre la verdad de los edulcorantes artificiales como el aspartame y el daño que causan a la salud. El último plan de comercialización del aspartamo es el esfuerzo desesperado para adoctrinar a la población para que acepte al edulcorante químico como natural y seguro, a pesar de que las evidencias dicen lo contrario.
El aspartame fue un descubrimiento accidental de James Schlatter, un químico de la farmacéutica GD Searle & Company que en 1965 había estado tratando de producir un medicamento contra la úlcera. La mezcla de ácido aspártico y la fenilalanina, dos aminoácidos de origen natural, descubrió que el nuevo compuesto tenía un sabor dulce. La compañía sólo cambió su solicitud de aprobación de la FDA de medicamento a aditivos alimentario y, voilá, nació el aspartamo.
GD Searle & Company patentó por primera vez el aspartamo en 1970. Un memorándum interno publicado en el mismo año, instó a los ejecutivos de la empresa a trabajar para la FDA en el hábito de decir que sí y de fomentar un espíritu subconsciente de participación para conseguir que el producto químico fuera aprobado.
GD Searle & Company presentó su primera petición a la FDA en 1973 y luchó durante años para obtener la aprobación de la FDA de los estudios donde presentaban que era seguro, muchos creían que eran insuficientes y engañosos. A pesar de numerosas objeciones, entre ellos uno de sus propios científicos, la empresa pudo convencer a la FDA para aprobar el aspartame para su uso comercial en un reducido número de productos en 1974, desencadenando incendiar la controversia.
En 1976, el entonces comisionado de la FDA Alexander Schmidt escribió una carta al senador Ted Kennedy expresando su preocupación por la integridad de los cuestionables datos de seguridad de base presentado sobre el aspartamo. El Jefe Asesor de la FDA, Richard Merrill cree que un gran jurado debe investigar a GD Searle & Company por mentir acerca de la seguridad del aspartamo en sus informes y de ocultar pruebas de que la sustancia es peligrosa para el consumo.
A pesar de que las pruebas obtenidas durante años muestran que el aspartamo es un tóxico peligroso, se ha mantenido en el mercado mundial, con la excepción de unos pocos países que lo han prohibido. De hecho, se siguió para obtener la aprobación para su uso en nuevos tipos de alimentos a pesar de que las pruebas demuestran que causa daño neurológico en el cerebro, tumores cancerosos y la disrupción endocrina, entre otras cosas.
Los detalles de la historia del aspartame es larga, pero el punto es que el carcinógeno fue ilegítimamente aprobado como aditivo alimentario a través de la insistencia de una poderosa corporación con sus propios intereses en mente. Prácticamente todos los fármacos y aditivos alimentarios fueron aprobados por la FDA, no porque la ciencia demostrara que fueran seguros, sino porque las empresas cabildean a la FDA con ganancias monetarias y completan el proceso de aprobación de millones de dólares de la agencia.
El cambio de nombre del aspartamo a algo que es atractivo y memorable, en palabras de Ajinomoto, puede engañar a algunos pero con esperanza la mayoría rechazará esta táctica de mercadotecnia inteligente como nada más que una tentativa desesperada de conservar la fuente estable de ingresos de miles de millones de dólares de la compañía. No se deje engañar
La Rumorosa, en el terremoto
Una imagen espectacular, el momento exacto en que se suscitaba el terremoto de 7.2 en Baja California, a pocos kilómetros de la Rumorosa la cordillera central de la Península.
La fotografía fue tomada por un automovilista y en ese se aprecia como el movimiento generó lo que parecían ser explosiones de arena y piedras a lo largo de los cerros.
Una puerta estelar reune a las mayores armadas del planeta en el golfo de Adén
Tenemos, en esta zona, una concentración militar como no se había visto en años…
"...todos los países avanzados del planeta, despliegan una flota militar sin precedentes para luchar contra tres monicacos..."
Me muero de la risa cuando lo justifican diciendo que es para controlar grupos de terroristas navales (piratas) ¡Esto no cuadra! O sea, todos los países avanzados del planeta, despliegan una flota militar sin precedentes -todos a una- para luchar contra tres monicacos en barcazas y con armamento de segunda mano ¿te lo puedes creer?
Tengo entendido que han dejado una pequeña franja, alejada de la zona, para que los barcos procedentes del canal de Suez puedan pasar.
Están aislando la zona para que no pase nadie y no puedan ver qué está sucediendo. Se han inventado terroristas de Alqaeda, malos malísimos..
ATANDO CABOS
1. En 2007, científicos americanos y europeos, localizaron ciertas anomalías electromagnéticas en el golfo de Adén. Al mismo tiempo detectan un aumento del fenómeno OVNI en la zona.
2. A finales de 2007 las primeras zodiac piratas atacan barcos pesqueros
3. En 2008 se incrementan los ataques piratas. En este año, los piratas, van mejorando el armamento y los barcos.
4. En 2009 se dice que son células de Alqaeda que han despertado y están desestabilizando la zona. Peter Leeson propone la locura de privatizar el Golfo de Adén para poner fin al problema de los piratas somalíes.
5. En 2010 se restringe el paso por la zona, solo pueden pasar, muy lejos, algunos barcos petroleros y mercantes, y controlados por los militares. Al parecer, desde el 5 de enero de 2010 está totalmente abierto el vórtice. Es importante señalar que, según el Baltic Exchange Dry Index que muestra la navegación mundial, un 93% de los barcos que pasan por el Golfo de Adén han sido llamados para regresar a sus puertos.
STARGATE (Puerta Estelar)
"...los militares están allí por la existencia de un STARGATE en el golfo de Adén"
Según Aaron McCollum, los militares están allí por la existencia de un STARGATE en el golfo de Adén.
McCollum es un militar implicado en experimentos de alto secreto, víctima de tercera generación del control mental y entrenamiento del Army USA para conseguir Super Soldiers, Soldados de fuerza supernormal (tenéis ejemplo de ello en la película “Los hombres que miraban fijamente a las cabras”, de George Clooney)
Cuando tenía tres años le tiraron a la piscina, y empezó a ahogarse. Cuando le sacaron, oyó que dijeron: Tenemos uno! Muy igual a lo que se dijo sobre Duncan O’Finioan cuando fue testado a una edad muy temprana para ver sus cualidades de ESP, (percepciones extra sensoriales).
McCollum conoce a O’Finioan y David Corso, de eventos anteriores como víctimas de control mental y educación militar, para llegar a servir como Super Soldiers.
McCollum cuenta muchas cosas en la entrevista de hora y media, pero solo es una introducción a otra entrevista que tienen planeada con Kerry Cassidy, donde quiere contar todo lo que sabe, con nombres y datos… Para McCollum corre prisa que nos enteremos de todo lo que él pueda divulgar, y por que el tiempo no está de nuestra parte.
El cree que este año nos depara cosas como una operación de falsa bandera en USA y en otros sitios del mundo, mas una tercera guerra mundial, que realmente ya está ocurriendo.
¿Qué es una Puerta Estelar?
Es algo así como un vórtice de energía electromagnética que abre puertas dimensionales para viajar a través del espacio.
En esta foto podemos apreciar una imagen de la anomalía en el Golfo de Adén
¿Fantasía? No, no es ciencia ficción: en el siglo pasado se hicieron muchísimos experimentos, basados en la ciencia de Nicola Tesla, que permitía hacer desaparecer barcos completos, para volver a aparecer en otro punto del planeta, a veces con consecuencias desastrosas para los tripulantes -podéis ver el film “El experimento Filadelfia”- Hay científicos y militares que, afirman, están utilizando estas técnicas para enviar personas a Marte.
¿QUIENES ESTÁN ABRIENDO LA PUERTA ESTELAR DEL GOLFO DE ADÉN?
McCollum afirma que naves extraterrestres entran y salen de esta anomalía magnética y que existe una base submarina justo debajo.
Las profecías bíblicas ya apuntaban hacia esta zona (concretamente Etiopía, que está justo en frente cruzando el Golfo) como sede del inicio de los tiempos.
"...las armadas de nuestro mundo están a punto de desencadenar un guerra defensiva sin precedentes..."
Según una fuente Sorcha Faal reporta que del Ministerio del Interior ruso y la FSB (fuerzas especiales) vienen circulando en el Kremlin rumores que señalan que las armadas de nuestro mundo están a punto de desencadenar un guerra defensiva sin precedentes.
¿CONTRA QUIEN?
Contra los llamados por ellos: gigantes fundadores del Jardín bíblico del Edén. Así evitar que nuestro planeta vuelva a ser colonizado por una antigua raza alienígena conocida por los antiguos como los Anunnakis (o Nefilims) cuyos antiguos textos babilónicos señalan que son los antiguos Vigilantes de la Tierra.
Lo mas perturbador es que las fuerzas navales del mundo se encuentran asentadas en el área descrita históricamente “como el río de agua dulce que sale del Edén”que es la ubicación exacta dada por los antiguos textos babilónicos para el asiento de la principal base submarina de los Vigilantes.
Este tipo de noticias por mas absurdas o difíciles que sean de creer para una persona común e incluso las informadas del tema son tema conocido por todas la potencias mundiales desde hace muchos años.
Un ejemplo de esto:
Ronald Reagan, el 21 de septiembre de 1987, señaló ante las Naciones Unidas: “…En nuestra obsesión con los antagonismos del momento a menudo nos olvidamos cuanto une a los miembros de la humanidad. Tal vez necesitamos una amenaza extraterrestre universal para que nos haga reconocer este lazo común…”
Todo indica que en el Golfo de Adén las diferencias entre los países se han desvanecido porque, como podemos ver, las fuerzas navales norteamericanas y la iraníes enfrentan una amenaza global aún estando al borde de una guerra común.
En un mundo en donde la estructura económica se está cayendo a pedazos y en donde se viene disputando el control del planeta la pregunta ahora seria: ¿Quienes son de verdad los buenos en esto?
"La Puerta Estelar activada en el Golfo de Adén es de origen positivo Nibiruano"
Mark Huber relata lo que pasa en el Golfo de Adén:
- La Puerta Estelar activada en el Golfo de Adén es de origen positivo Nibiruano
- Los Reptiles Negativos Nibiruanos no quieren que se abra este Portal y han enviado a militares de todo el Planeta para evitarlo. Algo que no van a poder evitar.
- Es un vórtice circular de una milla de diámetro que es una apertura a Telos y a la Red Agartha
- Se mantiene mediante tecnologías consistentes en anillos metálicos suspendidos sobre la superficie
- Esta antigua puerta estelar fue incorporada originalmente por los Nibiruanos positivos, incluyendo a la Madre Sejmet y a un grupo avanzado de Annunakis positivos, antes de que los renegados comenzaran a meterse con este planeta.
Descripción física:
Un vórtice circular anular de una milla de diámetro que se extiende a través de lo que sería agua y hacia una apertura a Telos y a la Red Agartha. También se extiende hacia arriba alrededor de una milla o más, y se mantiene mediante tecnología, consistente en anillos metálicos (de origen no terrestre) suspendidos por encima de la superficie por lo menos una milla. Fuera de esta base anular, a unas cinco millas de distancia, están los diversos cientos de buques de guerra de marinas de todo el mundo, que están supervisando esta ‘Anomalía’.
- La puerta estelar -eso es lo que es- se ha auto-activado como inteligencia sensible y portal dimensional.
- Nave en forma de cigarro puro de la Flota de Plata entró a nuestra dimensión desde debajo de la anomalía (Telos). Esto fue seguido por unidades de la Flota Amatista.
- Naves con forma de pirámide para un propósito especial entraron a través de la Puerta Estelar del Golfo de Adén. Ellas tomaron posiciones: una al oeste de la puerta estelar, una en el lado norte y una en el lado este.
- Están utilizando este Portal para crear una lente especializada para apoyar un próximo propósito superior.
HAARP - Esto Es imposible - Guerra Climatica
Aqui les dejo otro post del documental que nos habla del proyecto HAARP y la guerra climatica.
SALUDOS Y ESPERO EL REPORTAJE LES AYA QUITADO TODOS SUS DUDAS
MAS CLARO IMPOSIBLE!!!!!!!!
SALUDOS Y ESPERO EL REPORTAJE LES AYA QUITADO TODOS SUS DUDAS
MAS CLARO IMPOSIBLE!!!!!!!!
Desde Holanda, amenazan Guerra con Venezuela. EEUU planea nuevas bases militares en Brasil y Perú para contener a Venezuela
La creciente presencia militar de Estados Unidos en América Latina evidencia las intenciones de recuperar su poder y dominación en una de las regiones más ricas en recursos estratégicos del mundo.
A la víspera de la primera visita del Primer Ministro de Rusia Vladimir Putin a Venezuela y la firma de acuerdos para incrementar las capacidades de defensa del gobierno venezolano, Washington mueve sus piezas para recuperar su dominación militar en la región.
Mientras que Venezuela se prepara para recibir a Vladimir Putin, quien viene a concretar varios convenios que incluyen a la entrega de helicópteres Mi-17 y la adquisición de 92 tanques rusos T-72 y el lanzamisiles múltiple Smerch, el portaaviones estadounidense “USS Carl Vinson” anda por las costas de Perú, realizando maniobras conjuntas con la Fuerza Aérea y la Armada peruana. El portaaviones USS Carl Vinson – el tercer buque más grande del Pentágono – está acompañado por una flota de ataque, compuesta por varios buques de asalto, destructores, componentes aéreos y helicópteres anti-submarinos.
Aunque voceros del Pentágono han afirmado que Washington realiza estas maniobras militares en la región de forma rutinaria, la presencia militar estadounidense ha ido incrementando de manera alarmante en el hemisferio desde el año 2006, cuando Venezuela entró en una relación en materia de defensa con Rusia.
Fue en aquel momento que el gobierno de Estados Unidos clasificó a Venezuela como un país “que no colaboraba suficientemente con la lucha contra el terrorismo” e impuso una prohibición de venta de armamento y equipos de defensa al país suramericana. Como consecuencia, el gobierno de Hugo Chávez tuvo que buscar otros socios que no estaban sujetos a las presiones de Washington.
Venezuela, país entonces dependiente de Estados Unidos en materia de defensa, tenía dos opciones: dejar que sus Fuerzas Armadas se debilitaran y el país se quedara sin capacidad de defensa, o encontrar otros países no subordinados a la agenda de Washington que también poseían la capacidad tecnológica para satisfecer sus necesidades de defensa.
Hasta la fecha, Venezuela ha comprado armas rusas por un total de 4.000 millones de dólares, y mantiene proyectos en materia de energía y transferencia tecnológica con el gobierno de Rusia, que buscan estrechar las relaciones entre dos mega productores de petróleo y gas.
MAS BASES MILITARES DE EEUU EN LA REGIÓN
El Secretario de Defensa de Estados Unidos, Robert Gates, ha anunciado una visita a Brasil en abril para concretar planes de crear en Río de Janeiro una base militar conjunta para “vigilar el tráfico de drogas en la región”. La base, que formará parte de un eje entre Estados Unidos, Portugal y Brasil, cubrirá la zona del Atlántico Sur y sirivirá para la cooperación multinacional “contra el tráfico de drogas y el terrorismo”.
La semana pasada, el Embajador de Washington en Colombia, William Brownfield, reveló que su país ya estaba firmando acuerdos militares con dos otros países latinoamericanos. Brownfield se negó a revelar los nombres de los dos países con los cuales, según él, “ya estaban listos” los acuerdos que permitirán una expansión militarista de Estados Unidos en la región.
Un acuerdo militar entre Colombia y Washington causó graves preocupaciones en la región cuando fue anunciado el año pasado. Además de permitir la ocupación de siete bases militares en Colombia, el acuerdo también autoriza a Washington el uso de todo el terroritorio colombiano para realizar operaciones militares. Un documento oficial de la Fuerza Aérea de Estados Unidos de mayo 2009, explicaba que Washington necesitaba asegurar la presencia en Colombia para realizar operaciones militares de “amplio espectro” por toda Suramérica, y para “combatir la constante amenaza…de los gobiernos anti-estadounidenses en la región”. El documento también explicaba que a través de las bases militares en Colombia, las Fuerzas Armadas estadounidensens “mejorarán su capacidad de ejecutar una guerra expedita” en la región.
También fue concretado a finales de 2009 un acuerdo entre Washington y Panamá para establecer 11 bases militares operativas para “luchar contra el narcotráfico”. Estados Unidos ocupaba la base aérea Howard en Panamá hasta el año 1999, cuando finalizó el contrato militar entre los dos países. En lugar de abrir otra base militar grande en la región, y con la excusa de luchar contra el narcotráfico, Washington optó por establecer varias lugares de operaciones de avanzada (Foward Operating Location “FOL” en inglés) en El Salvador (Comalapa), Ecuador (Manta), Aruba y Curazao. En 2009, todos los contratos para estas bases militares fueron renovados menos en Ecuador. No obstante, la presencia militar de Estados Unidos en Manta fue fácilmente trasladada a Colombia apenás con la firma del nuevo acuerdo con Washington.
Estas bases permiten a Estados Unidos un alcance regional a nivel aéreo y marítimo.
HOLANDA PREPARA GUERRA CON VENEZUELA
Las bases de Washington en Aruba y Curazao, islas que forman parte del Reino de Holanda, han sido utilizadas durante los últimos años para intimidar y provocar a Venezuela. Entre visitas de portaaviones, submarinos nucleares, aviones de guerra y miles de tropas y fuerzas especiales estadounidenses, estas pequeñas islas – apenás a kilómetros de la costa venezolana - han caído en medio de un conflicto creciente entre Washington y Venezuela. Al mismo tiempo, el gobierno holandés ha promovido una campaña contra el gobierno de Hugo Chávez, intentando demostrar que Venezuela tiene planes de invadir a las islas neerlandesas (Aruba, Bonaire y Curazao).
El gobierno venezolano ha rechazado tales acusaciones de manera contundente. No obstante, uno de los periódicos más leídos en Holanda, De Telegraaf, hoy publicó un artículo titulado “Venezuela amenaza con guerra”, que revelaba que, “El Departamento de Defensa de Holanda está seriamente considerando que el país podría entrar en guerra con Venezuela debido a sus intenciones de cercar a las antillas neerlandesas”.
Holanda, aliada cercana a Washington y miembro de la OTAN, ha permitido la expansión militarista de Estados Unidos en Aruba y Curazao durante los últimos años para intentar contrarrestar la influencia regional de Venezuela.
También, luego del trágico terremoto en Haití en enero pasado, Washington ha aprovechado la situación para enviar más de 20 mil tropas al Caribe, acompañadas por equipos militares de última technología.
Las creciente presencia militar de Estados Unidos en América Latina evidencia las intenciones de recuperar su poder y dominación en una de las regiones más ricas en recursos estratégicos del mundo.-
A la víspera de la primera visita del Primer Ministro de Rusia Vladimir Putin a Venezuela y la firma de acuerdos para incrementar las capacidades de defensa del gobierno venezolano, Washington mueve sus piezas para recuperar su dominación militar en la región.
Mientras que Venezuela se prepara para recibir a Vladimir Putin, quien viene a concretar varios convenios que incluyen a la entrega de helicópteres Mi-17 y la adquisición de 92 tanques rusos T-72 y el lanzamisiles múltiple Smerch, el portaaviones estadounidense “USS Carl Vinson” anda por las costas de Perú, realizando maniobras conjuntas con la Fuerza Aérea y la Armada peruana. El portaaviones USS Carl Vinson – el tercer buque más grande del Pentágono – está acompañado por una flota de ataque, compuesta por varios buques de asalto, destructores, componentes aéreos y helicópteres anti-submarinos.
Aunque voceros del Pentágono han afirmado que Washington realiza estas maniobras militares en la región de forma rutinaria, la presencia militar estadounidense ha ido incrementando de manera alarmante en el hemisferio desde el año 2006, cuando Venezuela entró en una relación en materia de defensa con Rusia.
Fue en aquel momento que el gobierno de Estados Unidos clasificó a Venezuela como un país “que no colaboraba suficientemente con la lucha contra el terrorismo” e impuso una prohibición de venta de armamento y equipos de defensa al país suramericana. Como consecuencia, el gobierno de Hugo Chávez tuvo que buscar otros socios que no estaban sujetos a las presiones de Washington.
Venezuela, país entonces dependiente de Estados Unidos en materia de defensa, tenía dos opciones: dejar que sus Fuerzas Armadas se debilitaran y el país se quedara sin capacidad de defensa, o encontrar otros países no subordinados a la agenda de Washington que también poseían la capacidad tecnológica para satisfecer sus necesidades de defensa.
Hasta la fecha, Venezuela ha comprado armas rusas por un total de 4.000 millones de dólares, y mantiene proyectos en materia de energía y transferencia tecnológica con el gobierno de Rusia, que buscan estrechar las relaciones entre dos mega productores de petróleo y gas.
MAS BASES MILITARES DE EEUU EN LA REGIÓN
El Secretario de Defensa de Estados Unidos, Robert Gates, ha anunciado una visita a Brasil en abril para concretar planes de crear en Río de Janeiro una base militar conjunta para “vigilar el tráfico de drogas en la región”. La base, que formará parte de un eje entre Estados Unidos, Portugal y Brasil, cubrirá la zona del Atlántico Sur y sirivirá para la cooperación multinacional “contra el tráfico de drogas y el terrorismo”.
La semana pasada, el Embajador de Washington en Colombia, William Brownfield, reveló que su país ya estaba firmando acuerdos militares con dos otros países latinoamericanos. Brownfield se negó a revelar los nombres de los dos países con los cuales, según él, “ya estaban listos” los acuerdos que permitirán una expansión militarista de Estados Unidos en la región.
Un acuerdo militar entre Colombia y Washington causó graves preocupaciones en la región cuando fue anunciado el año pasado. Además de permitir la ocupación de siete bases militares en Colombia, el acuerdo también autoriza a Washington el uso de todo el terroritorio colombiano para realizar operaciones militares. Un documento oficial de la Fuerza Aérea de Estados Unidos de mayo 2009, explicaba que Washington necesitaba asegurar la presencia en Colombia para realizar operaciones militares de “amplio espectro” por toda Suramérica, y para “combatir la constante amenaza…de los gobiernos anti-estadounidenses en la región”. El documento también explicaba que a través de las bases militares en Colombia, las Fuerzas Armadas estadounidensens “mejorarán su capacidad de ejecutar una guerra expedita” en la región.
También fue concretado a finales de 2009 un acuerdo entre Washington y Panamá para establecer 11 bases militares operativas para “luchar contra el narcotráfico”. Estados Unidos ocupaba la base aérea Howard en Panamá hasta el año 1999, cuando finalizó el contrato militar entre los dos países. En lugar de abrir otra base militar grande en la región, y con la excusa de luchar contra el narcotráfico, Washington optó por establecer varias lugares de operaciones de avanzada (Foward Operating Location “FOL” en inglés) en El Salvador (Comalapa), Ecuador (Manta), Aruba y Curazao. En 2009, todos los contratos para estas bases militares fueron renovados menos en Ecuador. No obstante, la presencia militar de Estados Unidos en Manta fue fácilmente trasladada a Colombia apenás con la firma del nuevo acuerdo con Washington.
Estas bases permiten a Estados Unidos un alcance regional a nivel aéreo y marítimo.
HOLANDA PREPARA GUERRA CON VENEZUELA
Las bases de Washington en Aruba y Curazao, islas que forman parte del Reino de Holanda, han sido utilizadas durante los últimos años para intimidar y provocar a Venezuela. Entre visitas de portaaviones, submarinos nucleares, aviones de guerra y miles de tropas y fuerzas especiales estadounidenses, estas pequeñas islas – apenás a kilómetros de la costa venezolana - han caído en medio de un conflicto creciente entre Washington y Venezuela. Al mismo tiempo, el gobierno holandés ha promovido una campaña contra el gobierno de Hugo Chávez, intentando demostrar que Venezuela tiene planes de invadir a las islas neerlandesas (Aruba, Bonaire y Curazao).
El gobierno venezolano ha rechazado tales acusaciones de manera contundente. No obstante, uno de los periódicos más leídos en Holanda, De Telegraaf, hoy publicó un artículo titulado “Venezuela amenaza con guerra”, que revelaba que, “El Departamento de Defensa de Holanda está seriamente considerando que el país podría entrar en guerra con Venezuela debido a sus intenciones de cercar a las antillas neerlandesas”.
Holanda, aliada cercana a Washington y miembro de la OTAN, ha permitido la expansión militarista de Estados Unidos en Aruba y Curazao durante los últimos años para intentar contrarrestar la influencia regional de Venezuela.
También, luego del trágico terremoto en Haití en enero pasado, Washington ha aprovechado la situación para enviar más de 20 mil tropas al Caribe, acompañadas por equipos militares de última technología.
Las creciente presencia militar de Estados Unidos en América Latina evidencia las intenciones de recuperar su poder y dominación en una de las regiones más ricas en recursos estratégicos del mundo.-
El Cinturon de Fuego
Bueno Como ya les habiamos comentado en el programa de radio los terremotos tienen una coneccion que posiblemente sea la causa de estos descartando el proyecto HAARP y es que la mayoria de las regiones que han tenido terremotos de magnitud significativa se encuentran ubicados en el Cinturon de fuego.
Alguna vez hemos oído hablar del famoso Cinturón de Fuego, pero realmente ¿sabemos que es?, ¿Cómo efecto a nuestro planeta?. El cinturón de fuego ubicado en el Océano Pacífico es un lugar de altas tensiones, abarca las costas de Chile, Perú, Ecuador, Colombia, Panamá, todos los países centroamericanos, México, los Estados Unidos, Canadá, luego dobla a la altura de las Islas Aleutianas y baja por las costas de China y Japón. Debemos considerar al Cinturón de Fuego del Pacífico como un enorme anillo (un anillo de fuego) que bordea casi toda la costa de ese océano, desde Australia y el sureste de Asia hasta Sudamérica, pasando por Japón, China, Estados Unidos, México y América Central.
El Océano Pacífico está compuesto por una serie de placas oceánicas, las cuales como sabemos no están estáticas, se mueven y generan una fricción constante, lo que acumula tensión entre ellas, esta tensión se libera en algún momento no previsto por los científicos y genera terremotos que afectan los países cercanos al Cinturón de Fuego que mencionamos en los países mencionados. Además, concentra una actividad volcánica constante, sobre todo en América Central.
Según estudios que se han hecho en la zona de Cascavia, se ha descubierto cierto comportamiento asísmico, el cual podría servir para predecir un sismo y por ende ayudar a prdecir el comportamiento del Cinturón de Fuego, debemos considerar que mientras más largo se hace el periodo entre un sismo y otro más tensión se genera en el cinturón de fuego. La falla de Cascavia es bastante inestable, y el día que despierte podría generar un sismo, el cual les informo es inevitable e imparable, afectando a ciudades como Seatle, será un Megaterremoto, altamente destructivo. En 1700 el cinturón de fuego desato su fuerza y afecto Cascavia, con un Megaterremoto de magnitud 9, desde esa época se ha a estado acumulando fuerza en esta falla; la idea que tienen los científicos es determinan cuando se producirá este desastre y así alertar a las poblaciones aledañas.
Los terremotos se propagan a mas de 11,000 Km por hora y si se producen en el mar son bastante destructivos, las hondas sísmicas pueden alcanzar en el mar una velocidad de 29,000 Km por hora, así que imagínense, es imposible escapar. Las ondas S destruirán todo a su paso, aniquilando edificios y ciudades como si fueran de papel.
Terremoto en Haiti...
Terremoto en China...
Terremoto en chile...
Terremoto en mexico...
Alguna vez hemos oído hablar del famoso Cinturón de Fuego, pero realmente ¿sabemos que es?, ¿Cómo efecto a nuestro planeta?. El cinturón de fuego ubicado en el Océano Pacífico es un lugar de altas tensiones, abarca las costas de Chile, Perú, Ecuador, Colombia, Panamá, todos los países centroamericanos, México, los Estados Unidos, Canadá, luego dobla a la altura de las Islas Aleutianas y baja por las costas de China y Japón. Debemos considerar al Cinturón de Fuego del Pacífico como un enorme anillo (un anillo de fuego) que bordea casi toda la costa de ese océano, desde Australia y el sureste de Asia hasta Sudamérica, pasando por Japón, China, Estados Unidos, México y América Central.
El Océano Pacífico está compuesto por una serie de placas oceánicas, las cuales como sabemos no están estáticas, se mueven y generan una fricción constante, lo que acumula tensión entre ellas, esta tensión se libera en algún momento no previsto por los científicos y genera terremotos que afectan los países cercanos al Cinturón de Fuego que mencionamos en los países mencionados. Además, concentra una actividad volcánica constante, sobre todo en América Central.
Según estudios que se han hecho en la zona de Cascavia, se ha descubierto cierto comportamiento asísmico, el cual podría servir para predecir un sismo y por ende ayudar a prdecir el comportamiento del Cinturón de Fuego, debemos considerar que mientras más largo se hace el periodo entre un sismo y otro más tensión se genera en el cinturón de fuego. La falla de Cascavia es bastante inestable, y el día que despierte podría generar un sismo, el cual les informo es inevitable e imparable, afectando a ciudades como Seatle, será un Megaterremoto, altamente destructivo. En 1700 el cinturón de fuego desato su fuerza y afecto Cascavia, con un Megaterremoto de magnitud 9, desde esa época se ha a estado acumulando fuerza en esta falla; la idea que tienen los científicos es determinan cuando se producirá este desastre y así alertar a las poblaciones aledañas.
Los terremotos se propagan a mas de 11,000 Km por hora y si se producen en el mar son bastante destructivos, las hondas sísmicas pueden alcanzar en el mar una velocidad de 29,000 Km por hora, así que imagínense, es imposible escapar. Las ondas S destruirán todo a su paso, aniquilando edificios y ciudades como si fueran de papel.
Terremoto en Haiti...
Terremoto en China...
Terremoto en chile...
Terremoto en mexico...
Foro Radio Revolucion
Nuevamente les hacemos la cordial invitacion a registrarse en nustro foro Radio Revolucion donde podran compartir informacion con nosotros para estar mejor informados en los aconteceres del dia.
http://www.radiorevolucion.tk/
Solo basta con registrarse
http://www.radiorevolucion.tk/
Solo basta con registrarse
Video Muse - Resistance
Este dia les dejo una recomendacion musical de el grupo MUSE que con esta cancion nos demuestra claramente su posicion en contra del NOM, espero que les entiendan el mensaje y cual es su verdadero significado.
La mayoria de las personas que visitan frecuentemente esta pagina espero que logren entender el significado para los que no.
Aqui les dejo este dato
Policía del pensamiento: La Policía del Pensamiento es una organización policial ficticia, inspirada en la Gestapo y en la NKVD, en la novela de George Orwell 1984.
Esta organización se caracteriza por arrestar a los "ciudadanos" que "piensan" en cosas que van en detrimento de las consignas del Partido. El crimen de pensamiento (crimental) es lógicamente el más grave de todos los crímenes sancionados por el Partido. La Policía del Pensamiento utiliza unas máquinas llamadas Telepantallas similares a televisores provistos de un micrófono integrado, los cuales permiten a los agentes de la Policía del Pensamiento escuchar las conversaciones realizadas entre las personas que se encuentran a cierta proximidad de la telepantalla.
El Partido obliga a los ciudadanos (principalmente a aquellos que ocupaban cargos dentro del Partido, siendo mayor el control cuanto más se ascendía en el escalafón) a poseer telepantallas en sus casas y oficinas, al punto de eliminar todo rastro de privacidad en la vida del individuo. Aparte de las telepantallas, ejercían el control mediante el uso masivo de micrófonos en las calles e, incluso, en el campo. El castigo por "pensar mal" es ser secuestrado y torturado para hacer confesar los crímenes de pensamiento y, en última instancia, si el sujeto se resistía, ser llevado a la Habitación 101, donde se le quebrantaba definitivamente.
Verdaderas Intenciones de USA en HAITI
Bueno navegando por la web me tope con una noticia que me hizo pensar en algunas cosas y reafirmo mi creencia de que USA utilizo el Proyecto HAARP en Haiti.
La noticia es la siguiente :
Detectan indicios de existencia de petróleo en territorio de Haití
--- 29 Jan 2008 19:56:00
Puerto Príncipe, 29 ene (PL) El director del Buró de Minas de Haití, Dieusel Anglade, señaló hoy la necesidad de realizar otras búsquedas para confirmar la presencia de yacimientos petrolíferos en el país.
Anglade reveló a la prensa que las 11 perforaciones realizadas por compañías extranjeras permitieron detectar indicios de depósitos de hidrocarburos.
Precisó que las excavaciones fueron realizadas por tres compañías europeas en las regiones de Plaine du cul-de-Sac, Artibonite, Plateau Central, y en el golfo de Gonave.
Las acciones no sobrepasaron los dos mil 400 metros. Anglade sugirió la evaluación a partir de tres mil metros de profundidad, y su extensión por la región Nord Ouest, Sud y Jérémie.
"Tenemos un contexto geográfico favorable", aseguró.
Los científicos Daniel y Ginette Mathurin consideran que el subsuelo haitiano es rico en hidrocarburos.
"Nuestros estudios revelaron la existencia de 20 yacimientos petrolíferos, cinco de ellos de gran importancia para los especialistas", declaró Daniel Mathurin.
Plateau Central, particularmente la región de Thomonde, Plaine du cul-de-Sac, y la bahía de Puerto Príncipe contienen hidrocarburos, aseguró.
Ambos expertos coinciden en que la región de los lagos, con las ciudades como Thomazeau y Cornillon, encierra yacimientos importantes de petróleo.
Dijeron que en otras zonas, entre las que citaron a Jacmel, existe zyconium y uranio 238 y 235, utilizados en los reactores nucleares para la producción de energía eléctrica.
Fuente:
http://www.almomento.net/news/127/ARTICLE/3982/2008-01-29.html
Conclucion: USA se encuentra militarizando Haiti por su oro y petroleo
Patente de Poyecto HAARP
Por si algunos siguen sin creer que el Proyecto HAARP es verdadero aqui les dejo la patente que data desde el 10 de enero de 1985, lo que me hace pensar que talvez fue USA causante del Terremoto del 85, Pero esas son solo especulaciones mias.
En un momento mas subire las imagenes de las paginas de la patente
Numero de Patente 4,686,605
United States Patent 4,686,605
Eastlund August 11, 1987
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Method and apparatus for altering a region in the earth's atmosphere, ionosphere, and/or magnetosphere
Abstract
A method and apparatus for altering at least one selected region which normally exists above the earth's surface. The region is excited by electron cyclotron resonance heating to thereby increase its charged particle density. In one embodiment, circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation is transmitted upward in a direction substantially parallel to and along a field line which extends through the region of plasma to be altered. The radiation is transmitted at a frequency which excites electron cyclotron resonance to heat and accelerate the charged particles. This increase in energy can cause ionization of neutral particles which are then absorbed as part of the region thereby increasing the charged particle density of the region.
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Inventors: Eastlund; Bernard J. (Spring, TX)
Assignee: APTI, Inc. (Los Angeles, CA)
Appl. No.: 06/690,333
Filed: January 10, 1985
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Current U.S. Class: 361/231 ; 244/158.1; 380/59; 89/1.11
Current International Class: H05H 1/02 (20060101); H05H 1/18 (20060101); F41G 7/20 (20060101); F41G 7/22 (20060101); F41H 13/00 (20060101); H01Q 1/36 (20060101); H05B 006/64 (); H05C 003/00 (); H05H 001/46 ()
Field of Search: 361/230,231 244/158R 376/100 89/1.11 380/59
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References Cited [Referenced By]
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Other References
Liberty Magazine, (2/35) p. 7 N. Tesla. .
New York Times (9/22/40) Section 2, p. 7 W. L. Laurence. .
New York Times (12/8/15) p. 8 Col. 3..
Primary Examiner: Cangialosi; Salvatore
Attorney, Agent or Firm: MacDonald; Roderick W.
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Claims
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I claim:
1. A method for altering at least one region normally existing above the earth's surface with electromagnetic radiation using naturally-occurring and diverging magnetic field lines of the earth comprising transmitting first electromagnetic radiation at a frequency between 20 and 7200 kHz from the earth's surface, said transmitting being conducted essentially at the outset of transmission substantially parallel to and along at least one of said field lines, adjusting the frequency of said first radiation to a value which will excite electron cyclotron resonance at an initial elevation at least 50 km above the earth's surface, whereby in the region in which said electron cyclotron resonance takes place heating, further ionization, and movement of both charged and neutral particles is effected, said cyclotron resonance excitation of said region is continued until the electron concentration of said region reaches a value of at least 10.sup.6 per cubic centimeter and has an ion energy of at least 2 ev.
2. The method of claim 1 including the step of providing artificial particles in said at least one region which are excited by said electron cyclotron resonance.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said artificial particles are provided by injecting same into said at least one region from an orbiting satellite.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said threshold excitation of electron cyclotron resonance is about 1 watt per cubic centimeter and is sufficient to cause movement of a plasma region along said diverging magnetic field lines to an altitude higher than the altitude at which said excitation was initiated.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said rising plasma region pulls with it a substantial portion of neutral particles of the atmosphere which exist in or near said plasma region.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein there is provided at least one separate source of second electromagnetic radiation, said second radiation having at least one frequency different from said first radiation, impinging said at least one second radiation on said region while said region is undergoing electron cyclotron resonance excitation caused by said first radiation.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein said second radiation has a frequency which is absorbed by said region.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein said region is plasma in the ionosphere and said second radiation excites plasma waves within said ionosphere.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein said electron concentration reaches a value of at least 10.sup.12 per cubic centimeter.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein said excitation of electron cyclotron resonance is initially carried out within the ionosphere and is continued for a time sufficient to allow said region to rise above said ionosphere.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein said excitation of electron cyclotron resonance is carried out above about 500 kilometers and for a time of from 0.1 to 1200 seconds such that multiple heating of said plasma region is achieved by means of stochastic heating in the magnetosphere.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein said first electromagnetic radiation is right hand circularly polarized in the northern hemisphere and left hand circularly polarized in the southern hemisphere.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein said electromagnetic radiation is generated at the site of a naturally-occurring hydrocarbon fuel source, said fuel source being located in at least one of northerly or southerly magnetic latitudes.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein said fuel source is natural gas and electricity for generating said electromagnetic radiation is obtained by burning said natural gas in at least one of magnetohydrodynamic, gas turbine, fuel cell, and EGD electric generators located at the site where said natural gas naturally occurs in the earth.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein said site of natural gas is within the magnetic latitudes that encompass Alaska.
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Description
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DESCRIPTION
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for altering at least one selected region normally existing above the earth's surface and more particularly relates to a method and apparatus for altering said at least one region by initially transmitting electromagnetic radiation from the earth's surface essentially parallel to and along naturally-occurring, divergent magnetic field lines which extend from the earth's surface through the region or regions to be altered.
2. Background Art
In the late 1950's, it was discovered that naturally-occuring belts exist at high altitudes above the earth's surface, and it is now established that these belts result from charged electrons and ions becoming trapped along the magnetic lines of force (field lines) of the earth's essentially dipole magnetic field. The trapped electrons and ions are confined along the field lines between two magnetic mirrors which exist at spaced apart points along those field lines. The trapped electrons and ions move in helical paths around their particular field lines and "bounce" back and forth between the magnetic mirrors. These trapped electrons and ions can oscillate along the field lines for long periods of time.
In the past several years, substantial effort has been made to understand and explain the phenomena involved in belts of trapped electrons and ions, and to explore possible ways to control and use these phenomena for beneficial purposes. For example, in the late 1950's and early 1960's both the United States and U.S.S.R. detonated a series of nuclear devices of various yields to generate large numbers of charged particles at various altitudes, e.g., 200 kilometers (km) or greater. This was done in order to establish and study artifical belts of trapped electrons and ions. These experiments established that at least some of the extraneous electrons and ions from the detonated devices did become trapped along field lines in the earth's magnetosphere to form artificial belts which were stable for prolonged periods of time. For a discussion of these experiments see "The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere", W. N. Hess, Blaisdell Publishing Co., 1968, pps. 155 et sec.
Other proposals which have been advanced for altering existing belts of trapped electrons and ions and/or establishing similar artificial belts include injecting charged particles from a satellite carrying a payload of radioactive beta-decay material or alpha emitters; and injecting charged particles from a satellite-borne electron accelerator. Still another approach is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,042,196 wherein a low energy ionized gas, e.g., hydrogen, is released from a synchronous orbiting satellite near the apex of a radiation belt which is naturally-occurring in the earth's magnetosphere to produce a substantial increase in energetic particle precipitation and, under certain conditions, produce a limit in the number of particles that can be stably trapped. This precipitation effect arises from an enhancement of the whistler-mode and ion-cyclotron mode interactions that result from the ionized gas or "cold plasma" injection.
It has also been proposed to release large clouds of barium in the magnetosphere so that photoionization will increase the cold plasma density, thereby producing electron precipitation through enhanced whistler-mode interactions.
However, in all of the above-mentioned approaches, the mechanisms involved in triggering the change in the trapped particle phenomena must be actually positioned within the affected zone, e.g., the magnetosphere, before they can be actuated to effect the desired change.
The earth's ionosphere is not considered to be a "trapped" belt since there are few trapped particles therein. The term "trapped" herein refers to situations where the force of gravity on the trapped particles is balanced by magnetic forces rather than hydrostatic or collisional forces. The charged electrons and ions in the ionosphere also follow helical paths around magnetic field lines within the ionosphere but are not trapped between mirrors, as in the case of the trapped belts in the magnetosphere, since the gravitational force on the particles is balanced by collisional or hydrostatic forces.
In recent years, a number of experiments have actually been carried out to modify the ionosphere in some controlled manner to investigate the possibility of a beneficial result. For detailed discussions of these operations see the following papers: (1) Ionospheric Modification Theory; G. Meltz and F. W. Perkins; (2) The Platteville High Power Facility; Carrol et al.; (3) Arecibo Heating Experiments; W. E. Gordon and H. C. Carlson, Jr.; and (4) Ionospheric Heating by Powerful Radio Waves; Meltz et al., all published in Radio Science, Vol. 9, No. 11, November, 1974, at pages 885-888; 889-894; 1041-1047; and 1049-1063, respectively, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. In such experiments, certain regions of the ionosphere are heated to change the electron density and temperature within these regions. This is accomplished by transmitting from earth-based antennae high frequency electromagnetic radiation at a substantial angle to, not parallel to, the ionosphere's magnetic field to heat the ionospheric particles primarily by ohmic heating. The electron temperature of the ionosphere has been raised by hundreds of degrees in these experiments, and electrons with several electron volts of energy have been produced in numbers sufficient to enhance airglow. Electron concentrations have been reduced by a few percent, due to expansion of the plasma as a result of increased temperature.
In the Elmo Bumpy Torus (EBT), a controlled fusion device at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, all heating is provided by microwaves at the electron cyclotron resonance interaction. A ring of hot electrons is formed at the earth's surface in the magnetic mirror by a combination of electron cyclotron resonance and stochastic heating. In the EBT, the ring electrons are produced with an average "temperature" of 250 kilo electron volts or kev (2.5.times.10.sup.9 K) and a plasma beta between 0.1 and 0.4; see, "A Theoretical Study of Electron--Cyclotron Absorption in Elmo Bumpy Torus", Batchelor and Goldfinger, Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 20, No. 4 (1980) pps. 403-418.
Electron cyclotron resonance heating has been used in experiments on the earth's surface to produce and accelerate plasmas in a diverging magnetic field. Kosmahl et al. showed that power was transferred from the electromagnetic waves and that a fully ionized plasma was accelerated with a divergence angle of roughly 13 degrees. Optimum neutral gas density was 1.7.times.10.sup.14 per cubic centimeter; see, "Plasma Acceleration with Microwaves Near Cyclotron Resonance", Kosmahl et al., Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 38, No. 12, Nov., 1967, pps. 4576-4582.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for altering at least one selected region which normally exists above the earth's surface. The region is excited by electron cyclotron resonance heating of electrons which are already present and/or artifically created in the region to thereby increase the charged particle energy and ultimately the density of the region.
In one embodiment this is done by transmitting circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation from the earth's surface at or near the location where a naturally-occurring dipole magnetic field (force) line intersects the earth's surface. Right hand circular polarization is used in the northern hemisphere and left hand circular polarization is used in the southern hemisphere. The radiation is deliberately transmitted at the outset in a direction substantially parallel to and along a field line which extends upwardly through the region to be altered. The radiation is transmitted at a frequency which is based on the gyrofrequency of the charged particles and which, when applied to the at least one region, excites electron cyclotron resonance within the region or regions to heat and accelerate the charged particles in their respective helical paths around and along the field line. Sufficient energy is employed to cause ionization of neutral particles (molecules of oxygen, nitrogen and the like, particulates, etc.) which then become a part of the region thereby increasing the charged particle density of the region. This effect can further be enhanced by providing artificial particles, e.g., electrons, ions, etc., directly into the region to be affected from a rocket, satellite, or the like to supplement the particles in the naturally-occurring plasma. These artificial particles are also ionized by the transmitted electromagnetic radiation thereby increasing charged particle density of the resulting plasma in the region.
In another embodiment of the invention, electron cyclotron resonance heating is carried out in the selected region or regions at sufficient power levels to allow a plasma present in the region to generate a mirror force which forces the charged electrons of the altered plasma upward along the force line to an altitude which is higher than the original altitude. In this case the relevant mirror points are at the base of the altered region or regions. The charged electrons drag ions with them as well as other particles that may be present. Sufficient power, e.g., 10.sup.15 joules, can be applied so that the altered plasma can be trapped on the field line between mirror points and will oscillate in space for prolonged periods of time. By this embodiment, a plume of altered plasma can be established at selected locations for communication modification or other purposes.
In another embodiment, this invention is used to alter at least one selected region of plasma in the ionosphere to establish a defined layer of plasma having an increased charged particle density. Once this layer is established, and while maintaining the transmission of the main beam of circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation, the main beam is modulated and/or at least one second different, modulated electromagnetic radiation beam is transmitted from at least one separate source at a different frequency which will be absorbed in the plasma layer. The amplitude of the frequency of the main beam and/or the second beam or beams is modulated in resonance with at least one known oscillation mode in the selected region or regions to excite the known oscillation mode to propagate a known frequency wave or waves throughout the ionosphere.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The actual construction, operation, and apparent advantages of this invention will be better understood by referring to the drawings in which like numerals identify like parts and in which:
FIG. 1 is a simplified schematical view of the earth (not to scale) with a magnetic field (force) line along which the present invention is carried out;
FIG. 2 is one embodiment within the present invention in which a selected region of plasma is raised to a higher altitude;
FIG. 3 is a simplified, idealized representation of a physical phenomenon involved in the present invention; and
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of another embodiment within the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an apparatus embodiment within this invention .
BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The earth's magnetic field is somewhat analogous to a dipole bar magnet. As such, the earth's magnetic field contains numerous divergent field or force lines, each line intersecting the earth's surface at points on opposite sides of the Equator. The field lines which intersect the earth's surface near the poles have apexes which lie at the furthest points in the earth's magnetosphere while those closest to the Equator have apexes which reach only the lower portion of the magnetosphere.
At various altitudes above the earth's surface, e.g., in both the ionosphere and the magnetosphere, plasma is naturally present along these field lines. This plasma consists of equal numbers of positively and negatively charged particles (i.e., electrons and ions) which are guided by the field line. It is well established that a charged particle in a magnetic field gyrates about field lines, the center of gyration at any instance being called the "guiding center" of the particle. As the gyrating particle moves along a field line in a uniform field, it will follow a helical path about its guiding center, hence linear motion, and will remain on the field line. Electrons and ions both follow helical paths around a field line but rotate in opposite directions. The frequencies at which the electrons and ions rotate about the field line are called gyromagnetic frequencies or cyclotron frequencies because they are identical with the expression for the angular frequencies of gyration of particles in a cyclotron. The cyclotron frequency of ions in a given magnetic field is less than that of electrons, in inverse proportion to their masses.
If the particles which form the plasma along the earth's field lines continued to move with a constant pitch angle, often designated "alpha", they would soon impact on the earth's surface. Pitch angle alpha is defined as the angle between the direction of the earth's magnetic field and the velocity (V) of the particle. However, in converging force fields, the pitch angle does change in such a way as to allow the particle to turn around and avoid impact. Consider a particle moving along a field line down toward the earth. It moves into a region of increasing magnetic field strength and therefore sine alpha increases. But sine alpha can only increase to 1.0, at which point, the particle turns around and starts moving up along the field line, and alpha decreases. The point at which the particle turns around is called the mirror point, and there alpha equals ninety degrees. This process is repeated at the other end of the field line where the same magnetic field strength value B, namely Bm, exists. The particle again turns around and this is called the "conjugate point" of the original mirror point. The particle is therefore trapped and bounces between the two magnetic mirrors. The particle can continue oscillating in space in this manner for long periods of time. The actual place where a particle will mirror can be calculated from the following:
wherein:
alpha.sub.o =equatorial pitch angle of particle
B.sub.o =equatorial field strength on a particular field line
B.sub.m =field strength at the mirror point
Recent discoveries have established that there are substantial regions of naturally trapped particles in space which are commonly called "trapped radiation belts". These belts occur at altitudes greater than about 500 km and accordingly lie in the magnetosphere and mostly above the ionosphere.
The ionosphere, while it may overlap some of the trapped-particle belts, is a region in which hydrostatic forces govern its particle distribution in the gravitational field. Particle motion within the ionosphere is governed by both hydrodynamic and electrodynamic forces. While there are few trapped particles in the ionosphere, nevertheless, plasma is present along field lines in the ionosphere. The charged particles which form this plasma move between collisions with other particles along similar helical paths around the field lines and although a particular particle may diffuse downward into the earth's lower atmosphere or lose energy and diverge from its original field line due to collisions with other particles, these charged particles are normally replaced by other available charged particles or by particles that are ionized by collision with said particle. The electron density (N.sub.e) of the plasma will vary with the actual conditions and locations involved. Also, neutral particles, ions, and electrons are present in proximity to the field lines.
The production of enhanced ionization will also alter the distribution of atomic and molecular constituents of the atmosphere, most notably through increased atomic nitrogen concentration. The upper atmosphere is normally rich in atomic oxygen (the dominant atmospheric constituent above 200 km altitude), but atomic nitrogen is normally relatively rare. This can be expected to manifest itself in increased airglow, among other effects.
As known in plasma physics, the characteristics of a plasma can be altered by adding energy to the charged particles or by ionizing or exciting additional particles to increase the density of the plasma. One way to do this is by heating the plasma which can be accomplished in different ways, e.g., ohmic, magnetic compression, shock waves, magnetic pumping, electron cyclotron resonance, and the like.
Since electron cyclotron resonance heating is involved in the present invention, a brief discussion of same is in order. Increasing the energy of electrons in a plasma by invoking electron cyclotron resonance heating, is based on a principle similar to that utilized to accelerate charged particles in a cyclotron. If a plasma is confined by a static axial magnetic field of strength B, the charged particles will gyrate about the lines of force with a frequency given, in hertz, as f.sub.g =1.54.times.10.sup.3 B/A, where: B=magnetic field strength in gauss, and A=mass number of the ion.
Suppose a time-varying field of this frequency is superimposed on the static field B confining the plasma, by passage of a radiofrequency current through a coil which is concentric with that producing the axial field, then in each half-cycle of their rotation about the field lines, the charged particles acquire energy from the oscillating electric field associated with the radio frequency. For example, if B is 10,000 gauss, the frequency of the field which is in resonance with protons in a plasma is 15.4 megahertz.
As applied to electrons, electron cyclotron resonance heating requires an oscillating field having a definite frequency determined by the strength of the confining field. The radio-frequency radiation produces time-varying fields (electric and magnetic), and the electric field accelerates the charged particle. The energized electrons share their energy with ions and neutrals by undergoing collisions with these particles, thereby effectively raising the temperature of the electrons, ions, and neutrals. The apportionment of energy among these species is determined by collision frequencies. For a more detailed understanding of the physics involved, see "Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions", Glasstone and Lovberg, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, N.J., 1960 and "The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere", Hess, Blaisdell Publishing Company, 1968, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Referring now to the drawings, the present invention provides a method and apparatus for altering at least one region of plasma which lies along a field line, particularly when it passes through the ionosphere and/or magnetosphere. FIG. 1 is a simplified illustration of the earth 10 and one of its dipole magnetic force or field lines 11. As will be understood, line 11 may be any one of the numerous naturally existing field lines and the actual geographical locations 13 and 14 of line 11 will be chosen based on a particular operation to be carried out. The actual locations at which field lines intersect the earth's surface is documented and is readily ascertainable by those skilled in the art.
Line 11 passes through region R which lies at an altitude above the earth's surface. A wide range of altitudes are useful given the power that can be employed by the practice of this invention. The electron cyclotron resonance heating effect can be made to act on electrons anywhere above the surface of the earth. These electrons may be already present in the atmosphere, ionosphere, and/or magnetosphere of the earth, or can be artificially generated by a variety of means such as x-ray beams, charged particle beams, lasers, the plasma sheath surrounding an object such as a missile or meteor, and the like. Further, artificial particles, e.g., electrons, ions, etc., can be injected directly into region R from an earth-launched rocket or orbiting satellite carrying, for example, a payload of radioactive beta-decay material; alpha emitters; an electron accelerator; and/or ionized gases such as hydrogen; see U.S. Pat. No. 4,042,196. The altitude can be greater than about 50 km if desired, e.g., can be from about 50 km to about 800 km, and, accordingly may lie in either the ionosphere or the magnetosphere or both. As explained above, plasma will be present along line 11 within region R and is represented by the helical line 12. Plasma 12 is comprised of charged particles (i.e., electrons and ions) which rotate about opposing helical paths along line 11.
Antenna 15 is positioned as close as is practical to the location 14 where line 11 intersects the earth's surface. Antenna 15 may be of any known construction for high directionality, for example, a phased array, beam spread angle (.theta.) type. See "The MST Radar at Poker Flat, Alaska", Radio Science, Vol. 15, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1980, pps. 213-223, which is incorporated herein by reference. Antenna 15 is coupled to transmitter 16 which generates a beam of high frequency electromagnetic radiation at a wide range of discrete frequencies, e.g., from about 20 to about 1800 kilohertz (kHz).
Transmitter 16 is powered by power generator means 17 which is preferably comprised of one or more large, commercial electrical generators. Some embodiments of the present invention require large amounts of power, e.g., up to 10.sup.9 to 10.sup.11 watts, in continuous wave or pulsed power. Generation of the needed power is within the state of the art. Although the electrical generators necessary for the practice of the invention can be powered in any known manner, for example, by nuclear reactors, hydroelectric facilities, hydrocarbon fuels, and the like, this invention, because of its very large power requirement in certain applications, is particularly adapted for use with certain types of fuel sources which naturally occur at strategic geographical locations around the earth. For example, large reserves of hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas) exist in Alaska and Canada. In northern Alaska, particularly the North Slope region, large reserves are currently readily available. Alaska and northern Canada also are ideally located geographically as to magnetic latitudes. Alaska provides easy access to magnetic field lines that are especially suited to the practice of this invention, since many field lines which extend to desirable altitudes for this invention intersect the earth in Alaska. Thus, in Alaska, there is a unique combination of large, accessible fuel sources at desirable field line intersections. Further, a particularly desirable fuel source for the generation of very large amounts of electricity is present in Alaska in abundance, this source being natural gas. The presence of very large amounts of clean-burning natural gas in Alaskan latitudes, particularly on the North Slope, and the availability of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), gas turbine, fuel cell, electrogasdynamic (EGD) electric generators which operate very efficiently with natural gas provide an ideal power source for the unprecedented power requirements of certain of the applications of this invention. For a more detailed discussion of the various means for generating electricity from hydrocarbon fuels, see "Electrical Aspects of Combustion", Lawton and Weinberg, Clarendon Press, 1969. For example, it is possible to generate the electricity directly at the high frequency needed to drive the antenna system. To do this, typically the velocity of flow of the combustion gases (v), past magnetic field perturbation of dimension d (in the case of MHD), follow the rule:
where f is the frequency at which electricity is generated. Thus, if v=1.78.times.10.sup.6 cm/sec and d=1 cm then electricity would be generated at a frequency of 1.78 mHz.
Put another way, in Alaska, the right type of fuel (natural gas) is naturally present in large amounts and at just the right magnetic latitudes for the most efficient practice of this invention, a truly unique combination of circumstances. Desirable magnetic latitudes for the practice of this invention interest the earth's surface both northerly and southerly of the equator, particularly desirable latitudes being those, both northerly and southerly, which correspond in magnitude with the magnetic latitudes that encompass Alaska.
Referring now to FIG. 2 a first ambodiment is illustrated where a selected region R.sub.1 of plasma 12 is altered by electron cyclotron resonance heating to accelerate the electrons of plasma 12, which are following helical paths along field line 11.
To accomplish this result, electromagnetic radiation is transmitted at the outset, essentially parallel to line 11 via antenna 15 as right hand circularly polarized radiation wave 20. Wave 20 has a frequency which will excite electron cyclotron resonance with plasma 12 at its initial or original altitude. This frequency will vary depending on the electron cyclotron resonance of region R.sub.1 which, in turn, can be determined from available data based on the altitudes of region R.sub.1, the particular field line 11 being used, the strength of the earth's magnetic field, etc. Frequencies of from about 20 to about 7200 kHz, preferably from about 20 to about 1800 kHz can be employed. Also, for any given application, there will be a threshhold (minimum power level) which is needed to produce the desired result. The minimum power level is a function of the level of plasma production and movement required, taking into consideration any loss processes that may be dominant in a particular plasma or propagation path.
As electron cyclotron resonance is established in plasma 12, energy is transferred from the electromagnetic radiation 20 into plasma 12 to heat and accelerate the electrons therein and, subsequently, ions and neutral particles. As this process continues, neutral particles which are present within R.sub.1 are ionized and absorbed into plasma 12 and this increases the electron and ion densities of plasma 12. As the electron energy is raised to values of about 1 kilo electron volt (kev), the generated mirror force (explained below) will direct the excited plasma 12 upward along line 11 to form a plume R.sub.2 at an altitude higher than that of R.sub.1.
Plasma acceleration results from the force on an electron produced by a nonuniform static magnetic field (B). The force, called the mirror force, is given by
where .mu. is the electron magnetic moment and .gradient. B is the gradient of the magnetic field, .mu. being further defined as:
where W.sub..perp. is the kinetic energy in the direction perpendicular to that of the magnetic field lines and B is the magnetic field strength at the line of force on which the guiding center of the particle is located. The force as represented by equation (2) is the force which is responsible for a particle obeying equation (1).
Since the magnetic field is divergent in region R.sub.1, it can be shown that the plasma will move upwardly from the heating region as shown in FIG. 1 and further it can be shown that
where the left hand side is the initial electron transverse kinetic energy; the first term on the right is the transverse electron kinetic energy at some point (Y) in the expanded field region, while the final term is the ion kinetic energy parallel to B at point (Y). This last term is what constitutes the desired ion flow. It is produced by an electrostatic field set up by electrons which are accelerated according to Equation (2) in the divergent field region and pulls ions along with them. Equation (3) ignores electron kinetic energy parallel to B because V.sub.e.parallel. .apprxeq.V.sub.i.parallel., so the bulk of parallel kinetic energy resides in the ions because of their greater masses. For example, if an electromagnetic energy flux of from about 1 to about 10 watts per square centimeter is applied to region R, whose altitude is 115 km, a plasma having a density (N.sub.e) of 10.sup.12 per cubic centimeter will be generated and moved upward to region R.sub.2 which has an altitude of about 1000 km. The movement of electrons in the plasma is due to the mirror force while the ions are moved by ambipolar diffusion (which results from the electrostatic field). This effectively "lifts" a layer of plasma 12 from the ionosphere and/or magnetosphere to a higher elevation R.sub.2. The total energy required to create a plasma with a base area of 3 square kilometers and a height of 1000 km is about 3.times.10.sup.13 joules.
FIG. 3 is an idealized representation of movement of plasma 12 upon excitation by electron cyclotron resonance within the earth's divergent force field. Electrons (e) are accelerated to velocities required to generate the necessary mirror force to cause their upward movement. At the same time neutral particles (n) which are present along line 11 in region R.sub.1 are ionized and become part of plasma 12. As electrons (e) move upward along line 11, they drag ions (i) and neutrals (n) with them but at an angle .theta. of about 13 degrees to field line 11. Also, any particulates that may be present in region R.sub.1, will be swept upwardly with the plasma. As the charged particles of plasma 12 move upward, other particles such as neutrals within or below R.sub.1, move in to replace the upwardly moving particles. These neutrals, under some conditions, can drag with them charged particles.
For example, as a plasma moves upward, other particles at the same altitude as the plasma move horizontally into the region to replace the rising plasma and to form new plasma. The kinetic energy developed by said other particles as they move horizontally is, for example, on the same order of magnitude as the total zonal kinetic energy of stratospheric winds known to exist.
Referring again to FIG. 2, plasma 12 in region R.sub.1 is moved upward along field line 11. The plasma 12 will then form a plume (cross-hatched area in FIG. 2) which will be relatively stable for prolonged periods of time. The exact period of time will vary widely and be determined by gravitational forces and a combination of radiative and diffusive loss terms. In the previous detailed example, the calculations were based on forming a plume by producing 0.sup.+ energies of 2 ev/particle. About 10 ev per particle would be required to expand plasma 12 to apex point C (FIG. 1). There at least some of the particles of plasma 12 will be trapped and will oscillate between mirror points along field line 11. This oscillation will then allow additional heating of the trapped plasma 12 by stochastic heating which is associated with trapped and oscillating particles. See "A New Mechanism for Accelerating Electrons in the Outer Ionosphere" by R. A. Helliwell and T. F. Bell, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 65, No. 6, June, 1960. This is preferably carried out at an altitude of at least 500 km.
The plasma of the typical example might be employed to modify or disrupt microwave transmissions of satellites. If less than total black-out of transmission is desired (e.g., scrambling by phase shifting digital signals), the density of the plasma (N.sub.e) need only be at least about 10.sup.6 per cubic centimeter for a plasma orginating at an altitude of from about 250 to about 400 km and accordingly less energy (i.e., electromagnetic radiation), e.g., 10.sup.8 joules need be provided. Likewise, if the density N.sub.e is on the order of 10.sup.8, a properly positioned plume will provide a reflecting surface for VHF waves and can be used to enhance, interfere with, or otherwise modify communication transmissions. It can be seen from the foregoing that by appropriate application of various aspects of this invention at strategic locations and with adequate power sources, a means and method is provided to cause interference with or even total disruption of communications over a very large portion of the earth. This invention could be employed to disrupt not only land based communications, both civilian and military, but also airborne communications and sea communications (both surface and subsurface). This would have significant military implications, particularly as a barrier to or confusing factor for hostile missiles or airplanes. The belt or belts of enhanced ionization produced by the method and apparatus of this invention, particularly if set up over Northern Alaska and Canada, could be employed as an early warning device, as well as a communications disruption medium. Further, the simple ability to produce such a situation in a practical time period can by itself be a deterring force to hostile action. The ideal combination of suitable field lines intersecting the earth's surface at the point where substantial fuel sources are available for generation of very large quantitities of electromagnetic power, such as the North Slope of Alaska, provides the wherewithal to accomplish the foregoing in a practical time period, e.g., strategic requirements could necessitate achieving the desired altered regions in time periods of two minutes or less and this is achievable with this invention, especially when the combination of natural gas and magnetohydrodynamic, gas turbine, fuel cell and/or EGD electric generators are employed at the point where the useful field lines intersect the earth's surface. One feature of this invention which satisfies a basic requirement of a weapon system, i.e., continuous checking of operability, is that small amounts of power can be generated for operability checking purposes. Further, in the exploitation of this invention, since the main electromagnetic beam which generates the enhanced ionized belt of this invention can be modulated itself and/or one or more additional electromagnetic radiation waves can be impinged on the ionized region formed by this invention as will be described in greater detail herein after with respect to FIG. 4, a substantial amount of randomly modulated signals of very large power magnitude can be generated in a highly nonlinear mode. This can cause confusion of or interference with or even complete disruption of guidance systems employed by even the most sophisticated of airplanes and missiles. The ability to employ and transmit over very wide areas of the earth a plurality of electromagnetic waves of varying frequencies and to change same at will in a random manner, provides a unique ability to interfere with all modes of communications, land, sea, and/or air, at the same time. Because of the unique juxtaposition of usable fuel source at the point where desirable field lines intersect the earth's surface, such wide ranging and complete communication interference can be achieved in a resonably short period of time. Because of the mirroring phenomenon discussed hereinabove, it can also be prolonged for substantial time periods so that it would not be a mere transient effect that could simply be waited out by an opposing force. Thus, this invention provides the ability to put unprecedented amounts of power in the earth's atmosphere at strategic locations and to maintain the power injection level, particularly if random pulsing is employed, in a manner far more precise and better controlled than heretofore accomplished by the prior art, particularly by the detonation of nuclear devices of various yeilds at various altitudes. Where the prior art approaches yielded merely transitory effects, the unique combination of fuel and desirable field lines at the point where the fuel occurs allows the establishment of, compared to prior art approaches, precisely controlled and long-lasting effects which cannot, practically speaking, simply be waited out. Further, by knowing the frequencies of the various electromagnetic beams employed in the practice of this invention, it is possible not only to interfere with third party communications but to take advantage of one or more such beams to carry out a communications network even though the rest of the world's communications are disrupted. Put another way, what is used to disrupt another's communications can be employed by one knowledgeable of this invention as a communications network at the same time. In addition, once one's own communication network is established, the far-reaching extent of the effects of this invention could be employed to pick up communication signals of other for intelligence purposes. Thus, it can be seen that the disrupting effects achievable by this invention can be employed to benefit by the party who is practicing this invention since knowledge of the various electromagnetic waves being employed and how they will vary in frequency and magnitude can be used to an advantage for positive communication and eavesdropping purposes at the same time. However, this invention is not limited to locations where the fuel source naturally exists or where desirable field lines naturally intersect the earth's surface. For example, fuel, particularly hydrocarbon fuel, can be transported by pipeline and the like to the location where the invention is to be practiced.
FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment wherein a selected region of plasma R.sub.3 which lies within the earth's ionosphere is altered to increase the density thereof whereby a relatively stable layer 30 of relatively dense plasma is maintained within region R.sub.3. Electromagnetic radiation is transmitted at the outset essentially parallel to field line 11 via antenna 15 as a right hand circularly polarized wave and at a frequency (e.g., 1.78 megahertz when the magnetic field at the desired altitude is 0.66 gauss) capable of exciting electron cyclotron resonance in plasma 12 at the particular altitude of plasma 12. This causes heating of the particles (electrons, ions, neutrals, and particulates) and ionization of the uncharged particles adjacent line 11, all of which are absorbed into plasma 12 to increase the density thereof. The power transmitted, e.g., 2.times.10.sup.6 watts for up to 2 minutes heating time, is less than that required to generate the mirror force F required to move plasma 12 upward as in the previous embodiment.
While continuing to transmit electromagnetic radiation 20 from antenna 15, a second electromagnetic radiation beam 31, which is at a defined frequency different from the radiation from antenna 15, is transmitted from one or more second sources via antenna 32 into layer 30 and is absorbed into a portion of layer 30 (cross-hatched area in FIG. 4). The electromagnetic radiation wave from antenna 32 is amplitude modulated to match a known mode of oscillation f.sub.3 in layer 30. This creates a resonance in layer 30 which excites a new plasma wave 33 which also has a frequency of f.sub.3 and which then propogates through the ionosphere. Wave 33 can be used to improve or disrupt communications or both depending on what is desired in a particular application. Of course, more than one new wave 33 can be generated and the various new waves can be modulated at will and in a highly nonlinear fashion.
FIG. 5 shows apparatus useful in this invention, particularly when those applications of this invention are employed which require extremely large amounts of power. In FIG. 5 there is shown the earth's surface 40 with a well 41 extending downwardly thereinto until it penetrates hydrocarbon producing reservoir 42. Hydrocarbon reservoir 42 produces natural gas alone or in combination with crude oil. Hydrocarbons are produced from reservoir 42 through well 41 and wellhead 43 to a treating system 44 by way of pipe 45. In treater 44, desirable liquids such as crude oil and gas condensates are separated and recovered by way of pipe 46 while undesirable gases and liquids such as water, H.sub.2 S, and the like are separated by way of pipe 47. Desirable gases such as carbon dioxide are separated by way of pipe 48, and the remaining natural gas stream is removed from treater 44 by way of pipe 49 for storage in conventional tankage means (not shown) for future use and/or use in an electrical generator such as a magnetohydrodynamic, gas turbine, fuel cell or EGD generator 50. Any desired number and combination of different types of electric generators can be employed in the practice of this invention. The natural gas is burned in generator 50 to produce substantial quantities of electricity which is then stored and/or passed by way of wire 51 to a transmitter 52 which generates the electromagnetic radiation to be used in the method of this invention. The electromagnetic radiation is then passed by way of wire 53 to antenna 54 which is located at or near the end of field line 11. Antenna 54 sends circularly polarized radiation wave 20 upwards along field line 11 to carry out the various methods of this invention as described hereinabove.
Of course, the fuel source need not be used in its naturally-occurring state but could first be converted to another second energy source form such as hydrogen, hydrazine and the like, and electricity then generated from said second energy source form.
It can be seen from the foregoing that when desirable field line 11 intersects earth's surface 40 at or near a large naturally-occurring hydrocarbon source 42, exceedingly large amounts of power can be very efficiently produced and transmitted in the direction of field lines. This is particularly so when the fuel source is natural gas and magnetohydrodynamic generators are employed. Further, this can all be accomplished in a relatively small physical area when there is the unique coincidence of fuel source 42 and desirable field line 11. Of course, only one set of equipment is shown in FIG. 5 for sake of simplicity. For a large hydrocarbon reservoir 42, a plurality of wells 41 can be employed to feed one or more storage means and/or treaters and as large a number of generators 55 as needed to power one or more transmitters 52 and one or more antennas 54. Since all of the apparatus 44 through 54 can be employed and used essentially at the sight where naturally-occurring fuel source 42 is located, all the necessary electromagnetic radiation 20 is generated essentially at the same location as fuel source 42. This provides for a maximum amount of usable electromagnetic radiation 20 since there are no significant storage or transportation losses to be incurred. In other words, the apparatus is brought to the sight of the fuel source where desirable field line 11 intersects the earth's surface 40 on or near the geographical location of fuel source 42, fuel source 42 being at a desirable magnetic latitude for the practice of this invention, for example, Alaska.
The generation of electricity by motion of a conducting fluid through a magnetic field, i.e., magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), provides a method of electric power generation without moving mechanical parts and when the conducting fluid is a plasma formed by combustion of a fuel such as natural gas, an idealized combination of apparatus is realized since the very clean-burning natural gas forms the conducting plasma in an efficient manner and the thus formed plasma, when passed through a magnetic field, generates electricity in a very efficient manner. Thus, the use of fuel source 42 to generate a plasma by combustion thereof for the generation of electricity essentially at the site of occurrence of the fuel source is unique and ideal when high power levels are required and desirable field lines 11 intersect the earth's surface 40 at or near the site of fuel source 42. A particular advantage for MHD generators is that they can be made to generate large amounts of power with a small volume, light weight device. For example, a 1000 megawatt MHD generator can be construed using superconducting magnets to weigh roughly 42,000 pounds and can be readily air lifted.
This invention has a phenomenal variety of possible ramifications and potential future developments. As alluded to earlier, missile or aircraft destruction, deflection, or confusion could result, particularly when relativistic particles are employed. Also, large regions of the atmosphere could be lifted to an unexpectedly high altitude so that missiles encounter unexpected and unplanned drag forces with resultant destruction or deflection of same. Weather modification is possible by, for example, altering upper atmosphere wind patterns or altering solar absorption patterns by constructing one or more plumes of atmospheric particles which will act as a lens or focusing device. Also as alluded to earlier, molecular modifications of the atmosphere can take place so that positive environmental effects can be achieved. Besides actually changing the molecular composition of an atmospheric region, a particular molecule or molecules can be chosen for increased presence. For example, ozone, nitrogen, etc. concentrations in the atmosphere could be artificially increased. Similarly, environmental enhancement could be achieved by causing the breakup of various chemical entities such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, and the like. Transportation of entities can also be realized when advantage is taken of the drag effects caused by regions of the atmosphere moving up along diverging field lines. Small micron sized particles can be then transported, and, under certain circumstances and with the availability of sufficient energy, larger particles or objects could be similarly affected. Particles with desired characteristics such as tackiness, reflectivity, absorptivity, etc., can be transported for specific purposes or effects. For example, a plume of tacky particles could be established to increase the drag on a missile or satellite passing therethrough. Even plumes of plasma having substantially less charged particle density than described above will produce drag effects on missiles which will affect a lightweight (dummy) missile in a manner substantially different than a heavy (live) missile and this affect can be used to distinguish between the two types of missiles. A moving plume could also serve as a means for supplying a space station or for focusing vast amount of sunlight on selected portions of the earth. Surveys of global scope could also be realized because the earth's natural magnetic field could be significantly altered in a controlled manner by plasma beta effects resulting in, for example, improved magnetotelluric surveys. Electromagnetic pulse defenses are also possible. The earth's magnetic field could be decreased or disrupted at appropriate altitudes to modify or eliminate the magnetic field in high Compton electron generation (e.g., from high altitude nuclear bursts) regions. High intensity, well controlled electrical fields can be provided in selected locations for various purposes. For example, the plasma sheath surrounding a missile or satellite could be used as a trigger for activating such a high intensity field to destroy the missile or satellite. Further, irregularities can be created in the ionosphere which will interfere with the normal operation of various types of radar, e.g., synthetic aperture radar. The present invention can also be used to create artificial belts of trapped particles which in turn can be studied to determine the stability of such parties. Still further, plumes in accordance with the present invention can be formed to simulate and/or perform the same functions as performed by the detonation of a "heave" type nuclear device without actually having to detonate such a device. Thus it can be seen that the ramifications are numerous, far-reaching, and exceedingly varied in usefulness.
Numero de Patente 4,686,605
United States Patent 4,686,605
Eastlund August 11, 1987
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Method and apparatus for altering a region in the earth's atmosphere, ionosphere, and/or magnetosphere
Abstract
A method and apparatus for altering at least one selected region which normally exists above the earth's surface. The region is excited by electron cyclotron resonance heating to thereby increase its charged particle density. In one embodiment, circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation is transmitted upward in a direction substantially parallel to and along a field line which extends through the region of plasma to be altered. The radiation is transmitted at a frequency which excites electron cyclotron resonance to heat and accelerate the charged particles. This increase in energy can cause ionization of neutral particles which are then absorbed as part of the region thereby increasing the charged particle density of the region.
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Inventors: Eastlund; Bernard J. (Spring, TX)
Assignee: APTI, Inc. (Los Angeles, CA)
Appl. No.: 06/690,333
Filed: January 10, 1985
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Current U.S. Class: 361/231 ; 244/158.1; 380/59; 89/1.11
Current International Class: H05H 1/02 (20060101); H05H 1/18 (20060101); F41G 7/20 (20060101); F41G 7/22 (20060101); F41H 13/00 (20060101); H01Q 1/36 (20060101); H05B 006/64 (); H05C 003/00 (); H05H 001/46 ()
Field of Search: 361/230,231 244/158R 376/100 89/1.11 380/59
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References Cited [Referenced By]
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Other References
Liberty Magazine, (2/35) p. 7 N. Tesla. .
New York Times (9/22/40) Section 2, p. 7 W. L. Laurence. .
New York Times (12/8/15) p. 8 Col. 3..
Primary Examiner: Cangialosi; Salvatore
Attorney, Agent or Firm: MacDonald; Roderick W.
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Claims
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I claim:
1. A method for altering at least one region normally existing above the earth's surface with electromagnetic radiation using naturally-occurring and diverging magnetic field lines of the earth comprising transmitting first electromagnetic radiation at a frequency between 20 and 7200 kHz from the earth's surface, said transmitting being conducted essentially at the outset of transmission substantially parallel to and along at least one of said field lines, adjusting the frequency of said first radiation to a value which will excite electron cyclotron resonance at an initial elevation at least 50 km above the earth's surface, whereby in the region in which said electron cyclotron resonance takes place heating, further ionization, and movement of both charged and neutral particles is effected, said cyclotron resonance excitation of said region is continued until the electron concentration of said region reaches a value of at least 10.sup.6 per cubic centimeter and has an ion energy of at least 2 ev.
2. The method of claim 1 including the step of providing artificial particles in said at least one region which are excited by said electron cyclotron resonance.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein said artificial particles are provided by injecting same into said at least one region from an orbiting satellite.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein said threshold excitation of electron cyclotron resonance is about 1 watt per cubic centimeter and is sufficient to cause movement of a plasma region along said diverging magnetic field lines to an altitude higher than the altitude at which said excitation was initiated.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein said rising plasma region pulls with it a substantial portion of neutral particles of the atmosphere which exist in or near said plasma region.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein there is provided at least one separate source of second electromagnetic radiation, said second radiation having at least one frequency different from said first radiation, impinging said at least one second radiation on said region while said region is undergoing electron cyclotron resonance excitation caused by said first radiation.
7. The method of claim 6 wherein said second radiation has a frequency which is absorbed by said region.
8. The method of claim 6 wherein said region is plasma in the ionosphere and said second radiation excites plasma waves within said ionosphere.
9. The method of claim 8 wherein said electron concentration reaches a value of at least 10.sup.12 per cubic centimeter.
10. The method of claim 8 wherein said excitation of electron cyclotron resonance is initially carried out within the ionosphere and is continued for a time sufficient to allow said region to rise above said ionosphere.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein said excitation of electron cyclotron resonance is carried out above about 500 kilometers and for a time of from 0.1 to 1200 seconds such that multiple heating of said plasma region is achieved by means of stochastic heating in the magnetosphere.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein said first electromagnetic radiation is right hand circularly polarized in the northern hemisphere and left hand circularly polarized in the southern hemisphere.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein said electromagnetic radiation is generated at the site of a naturally-occurring hydrocarbon fuel source, said fuel source being located in at least one of northerly or southerly magnetic latitudes.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein said fuel source is natural gas and electricity for generating said electromagnetic radiation is obtained by burning said natural gas in at least one of magnetohydrodynamic, gas turbine, fuel cell, and EGD electric generators located at the site where said natural gas naturally occurs in the earth.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein said site of natural gas is within the magnetic latitudes that encompass Alaska.
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Description
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DESCRIPTION
1. Technical Field
This invention relates to a method and apparatus for altering at least one selected region normally existing above the earth's surface and more particularly relates to a method and apparatus for altering said at least one region by initially transmitting electromagnetic radiation from the earth's surface essentially parallel to and along naturally-occurring, divergent magnetic field lines which extend from the earth's surface through the region or regions to be altered.
2. Background Art
In the late 1950's, it was discovered that naturally-occuring belts exist at high altitudes above the earth's surface, and it is now established that these belts result from charged electrons and ions becoming trapped along the magnetic lines of force (field lines) of the earth's essentially dipole magnetic field. The trapped electrons and ions are confined along the field lines between two magnetic mirrors which exist at spaced apart points along those field lines. The trapped electrons and ions move in helical paths around their particular field lines and "bounce" back and forth between the magnetic mirrors. These trapped electrons and ions can oscillate along the field lines for long periods of time.
In the past several years, substantial effort has been made to understand and explain the phenomena involved in belts of trapped electrons and ions, and to explore possible ways to control and use these phenomena for beneficial purposes. For example, in the late 1950's and early 1960's both the United States and U.S.S.R. detonated a series of nuclear devices of various yields to generate large numbers of charged particles at various altitudes, e.g., 200 kilometers (km) or greater. This was done in order to establish and study artifical belts of trapped electrons and ions. These experiments established that at least some of the extraneous electrons and ions from the detonated devices did become trapped along field lines in the earth's magnetosphere to form artificial belts which were stable for prolonged periods of time. For a discussion of these experiments see "The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere", W. N. Hess, Blaisdell Publishing Co., 1968, pps. 155 et sec.
Other proposals which have been advanced for altering existing belts of trapped electrons and ions and/or establishing similar artificial belts include injecting charged particles from a satellite carrying a payload of radioactive beta-decay material or alpha emitters; and injecting charged particles from a satellite-borne electron accelerator. Still another approach is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,042,196 wherein a low energy ionized gas, e.g., hydrogen, is released from a synchronous orbiting satellite near the apex of a radiation belt which is naturally-occurring in the earth's magnetosphere to produce a substantial increase in energetic particle precipitation and, under certain conditions, produce a limit in the number of particles that can be stably trapped. This precipitation effect arises from an enhancement of the whistler-mode and ion-cyclotron mode interactions that result from the ionized gas or "cold plasma" injection.
It has also been proposed to release large clouds of barium in the magnetosphere so that photoionization will increase the cold plasma density, thereby producing electron precipitation through enhanced whistler-mode interactions.
However, in all of the above-mentioned approaches, the mechanisms involved in triggering the change in the trapped particle phenomena must be actually positioned within the affected zone, e.g., the magnetosphere, before they can be actuated to effect the desired change.
The earth's ionosphere is not considered to be a "trapped" belt since there are few trapped particles therein. The term "trapped" herein refers to situations where the force of gravity on the trapped particles is balanced by magnetic forces rather than hydrostatic or collisional forces. The charged electrons and ions in the ionosphere also follow helical paths around magnetic field lines within the ionosphere but are not trapped between mirrors, as in the case of the trapped belts in the magnetosphere, since the gravitational force on the particles is balanced by collisional or hydrostatic forces.
In recent years, a number of experiments have actually been carried out to modify the ionosphere in some controlled manner to investigate the possibility of a beneficial result. For detailed discussions of these operations see the following papers: (1) Ionospheric Modification Theory; G. Meltz and F. W. Perkins; (2) The Platteville High Power Facility; Carrol et al.; (3) Arecibo Heating Experiments; W. E. Gordon and H. C. Carlson, Jr.; and (4) Ionospheric Heating by Powerful Radio Waves; Meltz et al., all published in Radio Science, Vol. 9, No. 11, November, 1974, at pages 885-888; 889-894; 1041-1047; and 1049-1063, respectively, all of which are incorporated herein by reference. In such experiments, certain regions of the ionosphere are heated to change the electron density and temperature within these regions. This is accomplished by transmitting from earth-based antennae high frequency electromagnetic radiation at a substantial angle to, not parallel to, the ionosphere's magnetic field to heat the ionospheric particles primarily by ohmic heating. The electron temperature of the ionosphere has been raised by hundreds of degrees in these experiments, and electrons with several electron volts of energy have been produced in numbers sufficient to enhance airglow. Electron concentrations have been reduced by a few percent, due to expansion of the plasma as a result of increased temperature.
In the Elmo Bumpy Torus (EBT), a controlled fusion device at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, all heating is provided by microwaves at the electron cyclotron resonance interaction. A ring of hot electrons is formed at the earth's surface in the magnetic mirror by a combination of electron cyclotron resonance and stochastic heating. In the EBT, the ring electrons are produced with an average "temperature" of 250 kilo electron volts or kev (2.5.times.10.sup.9 K) and a plasma beta between 0.1 and 0.4; see, "A Theoretical Study of Electron--Cyclotron Absorption in Elmo Bumpy Torus", Batchelor and Goldfinger, Nuclear Fusion, Vol. 20, No. 4 (1980) pps. 403-418.
Electron cyclotron resonance heating has been used in experiments on the earth's surface to produce and accelerate plasmas in a diverging magnetic field. Kosmahl et al. showed that power was transferred from the electromagnetic waves and that a fully ionized plasma was accelerated with a divergence angle of roughly 13 degrees. Optimum neutral gas density was 1.7.times.10.sup.14 per cubic centimeter; see, "Plasma Acceleration with Microwaves Near Cyclotron Resonance", Kosmahl et al., Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 38, No. 12, Nov., 1967, pps. 4576-4582.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a method and apparatus for altering at least one selected region which normally exists above the earth's surface. The region is excited by electron cyclotron resonance heating of electrons which are already present and/or artifically created in the region to thereby increase the charged particle energy and ultimately the density of the region.
In one embodiment this is done by transmitting circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation from the earth's surface at or near the location where a naturally-occurring dipole magnetic field (force) line intersects the earth's surface. Right hand circular polarization is used in the northern hemisphere and left hand circular polarization is used in the southern hemisphere. The radiation is deliberately transmitted at the outset in a direction substantially parallel to and along a field line which extends upwardly through the region to be altered. The radiation is transmitted at a frequency which is based on the gyrofrequency of the charged particles and which, when applied to the at least one region, excites electron cyclotron resonance within the region or regions to heat and accelerate the charged particles in their respective helical paths around and along the field line. Sufficient energy is employed to cause ionization of neutral particles (molecules of oxygen, nitrogen and the like, particulates, etc.) which then become a part of the region thereby increasing the charged particle density of the region. This effect can further be enhanced by providing artificial particles, e.g., electrons, ions, etc., directly into the region to be affected from a rocket, satellite, or the like to supplement the particles in the naturally-occurring plasma. These artificial particles are also ionized by the transmitted electromagnetic radiation thereby increasing charged particle density of the resulting plasma in the region.
In another embodiment of the invention, electron cyclotron resonance heating is carried out in the selected region or regions at sufficient power levels to allow a plasma present in the region to generate a mirror force which forces the charged electrons of the altered plasma upward along the force line to an altitude which is higher than the original altitude. In this case the relevant mirror points are at the base of the altered region or regions. The charged electrons drag ions with them as well as other particles that may be present. Sufficient power, e.g., 10.sup.15 joules, can be applied so that the altered plasma can be trapped on the field line between mirror points and will oscillate in space for prolonged periods of time. By this embodiment, a plume of altered plasma can be established at selected locations for communication modification or other purposes.
In another embodiment, this invention is used to alter at least one selected region of plasma in the ionosphere to establish a defined layer of plasma having an increased charged particle density. Once this layer is established, and while maintaining the transmission of the main beam of circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation, the main beam is modulated and/or at least one second different, modulated electromagnetic radiation beam is transmitted from at least one separate source at a different frequency which will be absorbed in the plasma layer. The amplitude of the frequency of the main beam and/or the second beam or beams is modulated in resonance with at least one known oscillation mode in the selected region or regions to excite the known oscillation mode to propagate a known frequency wave or waves throughout the ionosphere.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The actual construction, operation, and apparent advantages of this invention will be better understood by referring to the drawings in which like numerals identify like parts and in which:
FIG. 1 is a simplified schematical view of the earth (not to scale) with a magnetic field (force) line along which the present invention is carried out;
FIG. 2 is one embodiment within the present invention in which a selected region of plasma is raised to a higher altitude;
FIG. 3 is a simplified, idealized representation of a physical phenomenon involved in the present invention; and
FIG. 4 is a schematic view of another embodiment within the present invention.
FIG. 5 is a schematic view of an apparatus embodiment within this invention .
BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
The earth's magnetic field is somewhat analogous to a dipole bar magnet. As such, the earth's magnetic field contains numerous divergent field or force lines, each line intersecting the earth's surface at points on opposite sides of the Equator. The field lines which intersect the earth's surface near the poles have apexes which lie at the furthest points in the earth's magnetosphere while those closest to the Equator have apexes which reach only the lower portion of the magnetosphere.
At various altitudes above the earth's surface, e.g., in both the ionosphere and the magnetosphere, plasma is naturally present along these field lines. This plasma consists of equal numbers of positively and negatively charged particles (i.e., electrons and ions) which are guided by the field line. It is well established that a charged particle in a magnetic field gyrates about field lines, the center of gyration at any instance being called the "guiding center" of the particle. As the gyrating particle moves along a field line in a uniform field, it will follow a helical path about its guiding center, hence linear motion, and will remain on the field line. Electrons and ions both follow helical paths around a field line but rotate in opposite directions. The frequencies at which the electrons and ions rotate about the field line are called gyromagnetic frequencies or cyclotron frequencies because they are identical with the expression for the angular frequencies of gyration of particles in a cyclotron. The cyclotron frequency of ions in a given magnetic field is less than that of electrons, in inverse proportion to their masses.
If the particles which form the plasma along the earth's field lines continued to move with a constant pitch angle, often designated "alpha", they would soon impact on the earth's surface. Pitch angle alpha is defined as the angle between the direction of the earth's magnetic field and the velocity (V) of the particle. However, in converging force fields, the pitch angle does change in such a way as to allow the particle to turn around and avoid impact. Consider a particle moving along a field line down toward the earth. It moves into a region of increasing magnetic field strength and therefore sine alpha increases. But sine alpha can only increase to 1.0, at which point, the particle turns around and starts moving up along the field line, and alpha decreases. The point at which the particle turns around is called the mirror point, and there alpha equals ninety degrees. This process is repeated at the other end of the field line where the same magnetic field strength value B, namely Bm, exists. The particle again turns around and this is called the "conjugate point" of the original mirror point. The particle is therefore trapped and bounces between the two magnetic mirrors. The particle can continue oscillating in space in this manner for long periods of time. The actual place where a particle will mirror can be calculated from the following:
wherein:
alpha.sub.o =equatorial pitch angle of particle
B.sub.o =equatorial field strength on a particular field line
B.sub.m =field strength at the mirror point
Recent discoveries have established that there are substantial regions of naturally trapped particles in space which are commonly called "trapped radiation belts". These belts occur at altitudes greater than about 500 km and accordingly lie in the magnetosphere and mostly above the ionosphere.
The ionosphere, while it may overlap some of the trapped-particle belts, is a region in which hydrostatic forces govern its particle distribution in the gravitational field. Particle motion within the ionosphere is governed by both hydrodynamic and electrodynamic forces. While there are few trapped particles in the ionosphere, nevertheless, plasma is present along field lines in the ionosphere. The charged particles which form this plasma move between collisions with other particles along similar helical paths around the field lines and although a particular particle may diffuse downward into the earth's lower atmosphere or lose energy and diverge from its original field line due to collisions with other particles, these charged particles are normally replaced by other available charged particles or by particles that are ionized by collision with said particle. The electron density (N.sub.e) of the plasma will vary with the actual conditions and locations involved. Also, neutral particles, ions, and electrons are present in proximity to the field lines.
The production of enhanced ionization will also alter the distribution of atomic and molecular constituents of the atmosphere, most notably through increased atomic nitrogen concentration. The upper atmosphere is normally rich in atomic oxygen (the dominant atmospheric constituent above 200 km altitude), but atomic nitrogen is normally relatively rare. This can be expected to manifest itself in increased airglow, among other effects.
As known in plasma physics, the characteristics of a plasma can be altered by adding energy to the charged particles or by ionizing or exciting additional particles to increase the density of the plasma. One way to do this is by heating the plasma which can be accomplished in different ways, e.g., ohmic, magnetic compression, shock waves, magnetic pumping, electron cyclotron resonance, and the like.
Since electron cyclotron resonance heating is involved in the present invention, a brief discussion of same is in order. Increasing the energy of electrons in a plasma by invoking electron cyclotron resonance heating, is based on a principle similar to that utilized to accelerate charged particles in a cyclotron. If a plasma is confined by a static axial magnetic field of strength B, the charged particles will gyrate about the lines of force with a frequency given, in hertz, as f.sub.g =1.54.times.10.sup.3 B/A, where: B=magnetic field strength in gauss, and A=mass number of the ion.
Suppose a time-varying field of this frequency is superimposed on the static field B confining the plasma, by passage of a radiofrequency current through a coil which is concentric with that producing the axial field, then in each half-cycle of their rotation about the field lines, the charged particles acquire energy from the oscillating electric field associated with the radio frequency. For example, if B is 10,000 gauss, the frequency of the field which is in resonance with protons in a plasma is 15.4 megahertz.
As applied to electrons, electron cyclotron resonance heating requires an oscillating field having a definite frequency determined by the strength of the confining field. The radio-frequency radiation produces time-varying fields (electric and magnetic), and the electric field accelerates the charged particle. The energized electrons share their energy with ions and neutrals by undergoing collisions with these particles, thereby effectively raising the temperature of the electrons, ions, and neutrals. The apportionment of energy among these species is determined by collision frequencies. For a more detailed understanding of the physics involved, see "Controlled Thermonuclear Reactions", Glasstone and Lovberg, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, N.J., 1960 and "The Radiation Belt and Magnetosphere", Hess, Blaisdell Publishing Company, 1968, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.
Referring now to the drawings, the present invention provides a method and apparatus for altering at least one region of plasma which lies along a field line, particularly when it passes through the ionosphere and/or magnetosphere. FIG. 1 is a simplified illustration of the earth 10 and one of its dipole magnetic force or field lines 11. As will be understood, line 11 may be any one of the numerous naturally existing field lines and the actual geographical locations 13 and 14 of line 11 will be chosen based on a particular operation to be carried out. The actual locations at which field lines intersect the earth's surface is documented and is readily ascertainable by those skilled in the art.
Line 11 passes through region R which lies at an altitude above the earth's surface. A wide range of altitudes are useful given the power that can be employed by the practice of this invention. The electron cyclotron resonance heating effect can be made to act on electrons anywhere above the surface of the earth. These electrons may be already present in the atmosphere, ionosphere, and/or magnetosphere of the earth, or can be artificially generated by a variety of means such as x-ray beams, charged particle beams, lasers, the plasma sheath surrounding an object such as a missile or meteor, and the like. Further, artificial particles, e.g., electrons, ions, etc., can be injected directly into region R from an earth-launched rocket or orbiting satellite carrying, for example, a payload of radioactive beta-decay material; alpha emitters; an electron accelerator; and/or ionized gases such as hydrogen; see U.S. Pat. No. 4,042,196. The altitude can be greater than about 50 km if desired, e.g., can be from about 50 km to about 800 km, and, accordingly may lie in either the ionosphere or the magnetosphere or both. As explained above, plasma will be present along line 11 within region R and is represented by the helical line 12. Plasma 12 is comprised of charged particles (i.e., electrons and ions) which rotate about opposing helical paths along line 11.
Antenna 15 is positioned as close as is practical to the location 14 where line 11 intersects the earth's surface. Antenna 15 may be of any known construction for high directionality, for example, a phased array, beam spread angle (.theta.) type. See "The MST Radar at Poker Flat, Alaska", Radio Science, Vol. 15, No. 2, Mar.-Apr. 1980, pps. 213-223, which is incorporated herein by reference. Antenna 15 is coupled to transmitter 16 which generates a beam of high frequency electromagnetic radiation at a wide range of discrete frequencies, e.g., from about 20 to about 1800 kilohertz (kHz).
Transmitter 16 is powered by power generator means 17 which is preferably comprised of one or more large, commercial electrical generators. Some embodiments of the present invention require large amounts of power, e.g., up to 10.sup.9 to 10.sup.11 watts, in continuous wave or pulsed power. Generation of the needed power is within the state of the art. Although the electrical generators necessary for the practice of the invention can be powered in any known manner, for example, by nuclear reactors, hydroelectric facilities, hydrocarbon fuels, and the like, this invention, because of its very large power requirement in certain applications, is particularly adapted for use with certain types of fuel sources which naturally occur at strategic geographical locations around the earth. For example, large reserves of hydrocarbons (oil and natural gas) exist in Alaska and Canada. In northern Alaska, particularly the North Slope region, large reserves are currently readily available. Alaska and northern Canada also are ideally located geographically as to magnetic latitudes. Alaska provides easy access to magnetic field lines that are especially suited to the practice of this invention, since many field lines which extend to desirable altitudes for this invention intersect the earth in Alaska. Thus, in Alaska, there is a unique combination of large, accessible fuel sources at desirable field line intersections. Further, a particularly desirable fuel source for the generation of very large amounts of electricity is present in Alaska in abundance, this source being natural gas. The presence of very large amounts of clean-burning natural gas in Alaskan latitudes, particularly on the North Slope, and the availability of magnetohydrodynamic (MHD), gas turbine, fuel cell, electrogasdynamic (EGD) electric generators which operate very efficiently with natural gas provide an ideal power source for the unprecedented power requirements of certain of the applications of this invention. For a more detailed discussion of the various means for generating electricity from hydrocarbon fuels, see "Electrical Aspects of Combustion", Lawton and Weinberg, Clarendon Press, 1969. For example, it is possible to generate the electricity directly at the high frequency needed to drive the antenna system. To do this, typically the velocity of flow of the combustion gases (v), past magnetic field perturbation of dimension d (in the case of MHD), follow the rule:
where f is the frequency at which electricity is generated. Thus, if v=1.78.times.10.sup.6 cm/sec and d=1 cm then electricity would be generated at a frequency of 1.78 mHz.
Put another way, in Alaska, the right type of fuel (natural gas) is naturally present in large amounts and at just the right magnetic latitudes for the most efficient practice of this invention, a truly unique combination of circumstances. Desirable magnetic latitudes for the practice of this invention interest the earth's surface both northerly and southerly of the equator, particularly desirable latitudes being those, both northerly and southerly, which correspond in magnitude with the magnetic latitudes that encompass Alaska.
Referring now to FIG. 2 a first ambodiment is illustrated where a selected region R.sub.1 of plasma 12 is altered by electron cyclotron resonance heating to accelerate the electrons of plasma 12, which are following helical paths along field line 11.
To accomplish this result, electromagnetic radiation is transmitted at the outset, essentially parallel to line 11 via antenna 15 as right hand circularly polarized radiation wave 20. Wave 20 has a frequency which will excite electron cyclotron resonance with plasma 12 at its initial or original altitude. This frequency will vary depending on the electron cyclotron resonance of region R.sub.1 which, in turn, can be determined from available data based on the altitudes of region R.sub.1, the particular field line 11 being used, the strength of the earth's magnetic field, etc. Frequencies of from about 20 to about 7200 kHz, preferably from about 20 to about 1800 kHz can be employed. Also, for any given application, there will be a threshhold (minimum power level) which is needed to produce the desired result. The minimum power level is a function of the level of plasma production and movement required, taking into consideration any loss processes that may be dominant in a particular plasma or propagation path.
As electron cyclotron resonance is established in plasma 12, energy is transferred from the electromagnetic radiation 20 into plasma 12 to heat and accelerate the electrons therein and, subsequently, ions and neutral particles. As this process continues, neutral particles which are present within R.sub.1 are ionized and absorbed into plasma 12 and this increases the electron and ion densities of plasma 12. As the electron energy is raised to values of about 1 kilo electron volt (kev), the generated mirror force (explained below) will direct the excited plasma 12 upward along line 11 to form a plume R.sub.2 at an altitude higher than that of R.sub.1.
Plasma acceleration results from the force on an electron produced by a nonuniform static magnetic field (B). The force, called the mirror force, is given by
where .mu. is the electron magnetic moment and .gradient. B is the gradient of the magnetic field, .mu. being further defined as:
where W.sub..perp. is the kinetic energy in the direction perpendicular to that of the magnetic field lines and B is the magnetic field strength at the line of force on which the guiding center of the particle is located. The force as represented by equation (2) is the force which is responsible for a particle obeying equation (1).
Since the magnetic field is divergent in region R.sub.1, it can be shown that the plasma will move upwardly from the heating region as shown in FIG. 1 and further it can be shown that
where the left hand side is the initial electron transverse kinetic energy; the first term on the right is the transverse electron kinetic energy at some point (Y) in the expanded field region, while the final term is the ion kinetic energy parallel to B at point (Y). This last term is what constitutes the desired ion flow. It is produced by an electrostatic field set up by electrons which are accelerated according to Equation (2) in the divergent field region and pulls ions along with them. Equation (3) ignores electron kinetic energy parallel to B because V.sub.e.parallel. .apprxeq.V.sub.i.parallel., so the bulk of parallel kinetic energy resides in the ions because of their greater masses. For example, if an electromagnetic energy flux of from about 1 to about 10 watts per square centimeter is applied to region R, whose altitude is 115 km, a plasma having a density (N.sub.e) of 10.sup.12 per cubic centimeter will be generated and moved upward to region R.sub.2 which has an altitude of about 1000 km. The movement of electrons in the plasma is due to the mirror force while the ions are moved by ambipolar diffusion (which results from the electrostatic field). This effectively "lifts" a layer of plasma 12 from the ionosphere and/or magnetosphere to a higher elevation R.sub.2. The total energy required to create a plasma with a base area of 3 square kilometers and a height of 1000 km is about 3.times.10.sup.13 joules.
FIG. 3 is an idealized representation of movement of plasma 12 upon excitation by electron cyclotron resonance within the earth's divergent force field. Electrons (e) are accelerated to velocities required to generate the necessary mirror force to cause their upward movement. At the same time neutral particles (n) which are present along line 11 in region R.sub.1 are ionized and become part of plasma 12. As electrons (e) move upward along line 11, they drag ions (i) and neutrals (n) with them but at an angle .theta. of about 13 degrees to field line 11. Also, any particulates that may be present in region R.sub.1, will be swept upwardly with the plasma. As the charged particles of plasma 12 move upward, other particles such as neutrals within or below R.sub.1, move in to replace the upwardly moving particles. These neutrals, under some conditions, can drag with them charged particles.
For example, as a plasma moves upward, other particles at the same altitude as the plasma move horizontally into the region to replace the rising plasma and to form new plasma. The kinetic energy developed by said other particles as they move horizontally is, for example, on the same order of magnitude as the total zonal kinetic energy of stratospheric winds known to exist.
Referring again to FIG. 2, plasma 12 in region R.sub.1 is moved upward along field line 11. The plasma 12 will then form a plume (cross-hatched area in FIG. 2) which will be relatively stable for prolonged periods of time. The exact period of time will vary widely and be determined by gravitational forces and a combination of radiative and diffusive loss terms. In the previous detailed example, the calculations were based on forming a plume by producing 0.sup.+ energies of 2 ev/particle. About 10 ev per particle would be required to expand plasma 12 to apex point C (FIG. 1). There at least some of the particles of plasma 12 will be trapped and will oscillate between mirror points along field line 11. This oscillation will then allow additional heating of the trapped plasma 12 by stochastic heating which is associated with trapped and oscillating particles. See "A New Mechanism for Accelerating Electrons in the Outer Ionosphere" by R. A. Helliwell and T. F. Bell, Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 65, No. 6, June, 1960. This is preferably carried out at an altitude of at least 500 km.
The plasma of the typical example might be employed to modify or disrupt microwave transmissions of satellites. If less than total black-out of transmission is desired (e.g., scrambling by phase shifting digital signals), the density of the plasma (N.sub.e) need only be at least about 10.sup.6 per cubic centimeter for a plasma orginating at an altitude of from about 250 to about 400 km and accordingly less energy (i.e., electromagnetic radiation), e.g., 10.sup.8 joules need be provided. Likewise, if the density N.sub.e is on the order of 10.sup.8, a properly positioned plume will provide a reflecting surface for VHF waves and can be used to enhance, interfere with, or otherwise modify communication transmissions. It can be seen from the foregoing that by appropriate application of various aspects of this invention at strategic locations and with adequate power sources, a means and method is provided to cause interference with or even total disruption of communications over a very large portion of the earth. This invention could be employed to disrupt not only land based communications, both civilian and military, but also airborne communications and sea communications (both surface and subsurface). This would have significant military implications, particularly as a barrier to or confusing factor for hostile missiles or airplanes. The belt or belts of enhanced ionization produced by the method and apparatus of this invention, particularly if set up over Northern Alaska and Canada, could be employed as an early warning device, as well as a communications disruption medium. Further, the simple ability to produce such a situation in a practical time period can by itself be a deterring force to hostile action. The ideal combination of suitable field lines intersecting the earth's surface at the point where substantial fuel sources are available for generation of very large quantitities of electromagnetic power, such as the North Slope of Alaska, provides the wherewithal to accomplish the foregoing in a practical time period, e.g., strategic requirements could necessitate achieving the desired altered regions in time periods of two minutes or less and this is achievable with this invention, especially when the combination of natural gas and magnetohydrodynamic, gas turbine, fuel cell and/or EGD electric generators are employed at the point where the useful field lines intersect the earth's surface. One feature of this invention which satisfies a basic requirement of a weapon system, i.e., continuous checking of operability, is that small amounts of power can be generated for operability checking purposes. Further, in the exploitation of this invention, since the main electromagnetic beam which generates the enhanced ionized belt of this invention can be modulated itself and/or one or more additional electromagnetic radiation waves can be impinged on the ionized region formed by this invention as will be described in greater detail herein after with respect to FIG. 4, a substantial amount of randomly modulated signals of very large power magnitude can be generated in a highly nonlinear mode. This can cause confusion of or interference with or even complete disruption of guidance systems employed by even the most sophisticated of airplanes and missiles. The ability to employ and transmit over very wide areas of the earth a plurality of electromagnetic waves of varying frequencies and to change same at will in a random manner, provides a unique ability to interfere with all modes of communications, land, sea, and/or air, at the same time. Because of the unique juxtaposition of usable fuel source at the point where desirable field lines intersect the earth's surface, such wide ranging and complete communication interference can be achieved in a resonably short period of time. Because of the mirroring phenomenon discussed hereinabove, it can also be prolonged for substantial time periods so that it would not be a mere transient effect that could simply be waited out by an opposing force. Thus, this invention provides the ability to put unprecedented amounts of power in the earth's atmosphere at strategic locations and to maintain the power injection level, particularly if random pulsing is employed, in a manner far more precise and better controlled than heretofore accomplished by the prior art, particularly by the detonation of nuclear devices of various yeilds at various altitudes. Where the prior art approaches yielded merely transitory effects, the unique combination of fuel and desirable field lines at the point where the fuel occurs allows the establishment of, compared to prior art approaches, precisely controlled and long-lasting effects which cannot, practically speaking, simply be waited out. Further, by knowing the frequencies of the various electromagnetic beams employed in the practice of this invention, it is possible not only to interfere with third party communications but to take advantage of one or more such beams to carry out a communications network even though the rest of the world's communications are disrupted. Put another way, what is used to disrupt another's communications can be employed by one knowledgeable of this invention as a communications network at the same time. In addition, once one's own communication network is established, the far-reaching extent of the effects of this invention could be employed to pick up communication signals of other for intelligence purposes. Thus, it can be seen that the disrupting effects achievable by this invention can be employed to benefit by the party who is practicing this invention since knowledge of the various electromagnetic waves being employed and how they will vary in frequency and magnitude can be used to an advantage for positive communication and eavesdropping purposes at the same time. However, this invention is not limited to locations where the fuel source naturally exists or where desirable field lines naturally intersect the earth's surface. For example, fuel, particularly hydrocarbon fuel, can be transported by pipeline and the like to the location where the invention is to be practiced.
FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment wherein a selected region of plasma R.sub.3 which lies within the earth's ionosphere is altered to increase the density thereof whereby a relatively stable layer 30 of relatively dense plasma is maintained within region R.sub.3. Electromagnetic radiation is transmitted at the outset essentially parallel to field line 11 via antenna 15 as a right hand circularly polarized wave and at a frequency (e.g., 1.78 megahertz when the magnetic field at the desired altitude is 0.66 gauss) capable of exciting electron cyclotron resonance in plasma 12 at the particular altitude of plasma 12. This causes heating of the particles (electrons, ions, neutrals, and particulates) and ionization of the uncharged particles adjacent line 11, all of which are absorbed into plasma 12 to increase the density thereof. The power transmitted, e.g., 2.times.10.sup.6 watts for up to 2 minutes heating time, is less than that required to generate the mirror force F required to move plasma 12 upward as in the previous embodiment.
While continuing to transmit electromagnetic radiation 20 from antenna 15, a second electromagnetic radiation beam 31, which is at a defined frequency different from the radiation from antenna 15, is transmitted from one or more second sources via antenna 32 into layer 30 and is absorbed into a portion of layer 30 (cross-hatched area in FIG. 4). The electromagnetic radiation wave from antenna 32 is amplitude modulated to match a known mode of oscillation f.sub.3 in layer 30. This creates a resonance in layer 30 which excites a new plasma wave 33 which also has a frequency of f.sub.3 and which then propogates through the ionosphere. Wave 33 can be used to improve or disrupt communications or both depending on what is desired in a particular application. Of course, more than one new wave 33 can be generated and the various new waves can be modulated at will and in a highly nonlinear fashion.
FIG. 5 shows apparatus useful in this invention, particularly when those applications of this invention are employed which require extremely large amounts of power. In FIG. 5 there is shown the earth's surface 40 with a well 41 extending downwardly thereinto until it penetrates hydrocarbon producing reservoir 42. Hydrocarbon reservoir 42 produces natural gas alone or in combination with crude oil. Hydrocarbons are produced from reservoir 42 through well 41 and wellhead 43 to a treating system 44 by way of pipe 45. In treater 44, desirable liquids such as crude oil and gas condensates are separated and recovered by way of pipe 46 while undesirable gases and liquids such as water, H.sub.2 S, and the like are separated by way of pipe 47. Desirable gases such as carbon dioxide are separated by way of pipe 48, and the remaining natural gas stream is removed from treater 44 by way of pipe 49 for storage in conventional tankage means (not shown) for future use and/or use in an electrical generator such as a magnetohydrodynamic, gas turbine, fuel cell or EGD generator 50. Any desired number and combination of different types of electric generators can be employed in the practice of this invention. The natural gas is burned in generator 50 to produce substantial quantities of electricity which is then stored and/or passed by way of wire 51 to a transmitter 52 which generates the electromagnetic radiation to be used in the method of this invention. The electromagnetic radiation is then passed by way of wire 53 to antenna 54 which is located at or near the end of field line 11. Antenna 54 sends circularly polarized radiation wave 20 upwards along field line 11 to carry out the various methods of this invention as described hereinabove.
Of course, the fuel source need not be used in its naturally-occurring state but could first be converted to another second energy source form such as hydrogen, hydrazine and the like, and electricity then generated from said second energy source form.
It can be seen from the foregoing that when desirable field line 11 intersects earth's surface 40 at or near a large naturally-occurring hydrocarbon source 42, exceedingly large amounts of power can be very efficiently produced and transmitted in the direction of field lines. This is particularly so when the fuel source is natural gas and magnetohydrodynamic generators are employed. Further, this can all be accomplished in a relatively small physical area when there is the unique coincidence of fuel source 42 and desirable field line 11. Of course, only one set of equipment is shown in FIG. 5 for sake of simplicity. For a large hydrocarbon reservoir 42, a plurality of wells 41 can be employed to feed one or more storage means and/or treaters and as large a number of generators 55 as needed to power one or more transmitters 52 and one or more antennas 54. Since all of the apparatus 44 through 54 can be employed and used essentially at the sight where naturally-occurring fuel source 42 is located, all the necessary electromagnetic radiation 20 is generated essentially at the same location as fuel source 42. This provides for a maximum amount of usable electromagnetic radiation 20 since there are no significant storage or transportation losses to be incurred. In other words, the apparatus is brought to the sight of the fuel source where desirable field line 11 intersects the earth's surface 40 on or near the geographical location of fuel source 42, fuel source 42 being at a desirable magnetic latitude for the practice of this invention, for example, Alaska.
The generation of electricity by motion of a conducting fluid through a magnetic field, i.e., magnetohydrodynamics (MHD), provides a method of electric power generation without moving mechanical parts and when the conducting fluid is a plasma formed by combustion of a fuel such as natural gas, an idealized combination of apparatus is realized since the very clean-burning natural gas forms the conducting plasma in an efficient manner and the thus formed plasma, when passed through a magnetic field, generates electricity in a very efficient manner. Thus, the use of fuel source 42 to generate a plasma by combustion thereof for the generation of electricity essentially at the site of occurrence of the fuel source is unique and ideal when high power levels are required and desirable field lines 11 intersect the earth's surface 40 at or near the site of fuel source 42. A particular advantage for MHD generators is that they can be made to generate large amounts of power with a small volume, light weight device. For example, a 1000 megawatt MHD generator can be construed using superconducting magnets to weigh roughly 42,000 pounds and can be readily air lifted.
This invention has a phenomenal variety of possible ramifications and potential future developments. As alluded to earlier, missile or aircraft destruction, deflection, or confusion could result, particularly when relativistic particles are employed. Also, large regions of the atmosphere could be lifted to an unexpectedly high altitude so that missiles encounter unexpected and unplanned drag forces with resultant destruction or deflection of same. Weather modification is possible by, for example, altering upper atmosphere wind patterns or altering solar absorption patterns by constructing one or more plumes of atmospheric particles which will act as a lens or focusing device. Also as alluded to earlier, molecular modifications of the atmosphere can take place so that positive environmental effects can be achieved. Besides actually changing the molecular composition of an atmospheric region, a particular molecule or molecules can be chosen for increased presence. For example, ozone, nitrogen, etc. concentrations in the atmosphere could be artificially increased. Similarly, environmental enhancement could be achieved by causing the breakup of various chemical entities such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitrous oxides, and the like. Transportation of entities can also be realized when advantage is taken of the drag effects caused by regions of the atmosphere moving up along diverging field lines. Small micron sized particles can be then transported, and, under certain circumstances and with the availability of sufficient energy, larger particles or objects could be similarly affected. Particles with desired characteristics such as tackiness, reflectivity, absorptivity, etc., can be transported for specific purposes or effects. For example, a plume of tacky particles could be established to increase the drag on a missile or satellite passing therethrough. Even plumes of plasma having substantially less charged particle density than described above will produce drag effects on missiles which will affect a lightweight (dummy) missile in a manner substantially different than a heavy (live) missile and this affect can be used to distinguish between the two types of missiles. A moving plume could also serve as a means for supplying a space station or for focusing vast amount of sunlight on selected portions of the earth. Surveys of global scope could also be realized because the earth's natural magnetic field could be significantly altered in a controlled manner by plasma beta effects resulting in, for example, improved magnetotelluric surveys. Electromagnetic pulse defenses are also possible. The earth's magnetic field could be decreased or disrupted at appropriate altitudes to modify or eliminate the magnetic field in high Compton electron generation (e.g., from high altitude nuclear bursts) regions. High intensity, well controlled electrical fields can be provided in selected locations for various purposes. For example, the plasma sheath surrounding a missile or satellite could be used as a trigger for activating such a high intensity field to destroy the missile or satellite. Further, irregularities can be created in the ionosphere which will interfere with the normal operation of various types of radar, e.g., synthetic aperture radar. The present invention can also be used to create artificial belts of trapped particles which in turn can be studied to determine the stability of such parties. Still further, plumes in accordance with the present invention can be formed to simulate and/or perform the same functions as performed by the detonation of a "heave" type nuclear device without actually having to detonate such a device. Thus it can be seen that the ramifications are numerous, far-reaching, and exceedingly varied in usefulness.
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